Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
A, Total ambulatory locomotor activity. The group mean (± SE; n = 10; plotted as percent of control group values) was measured immediately after the 1st, 4th, 8th, and 12th injections (TX1,TX4, TX8, and TX12, respectively) of either saline (CONTROL), 10 mg/kg paraquat (PQ10), 30 mg/kg maneb (MB30), or their combination (PQ10+MB30). Bonferroni–Dunnpost hoc tests for each treatment day indicate differences: *, from the control group; +, from PQ alone; #, from MB alone. B, Corresponding effects measured 24 hr after treatment.
- Fig. 2.
Ambulatory locomotor activity across a behavioral session. The group mean (± SE) was measured in 3 min blocks across a 45 min behavioral session immediately after the 4th and 12th treatment (A, C, respectively) or 24 hr after treatment (B, D, respectively) with vehicle (CONTROL), 10 mg/kg PQ (PQ10), 30 mg/kg MB (MB30), or their combination (PQ10+MB30). Significant differences are as follows: *, from the control group; #, from maneb alone. Significant differences of the combined PQ + MB group from PQ alone are not shown. Sample sizes are as noted in the Figure 1 legend.
- Fig. 3.
Effect of an acute dose of MPTP on locomotor activity. The group mean (± SE) of total ambulatory locomotor activity counts in 45 min sessions was measured immediately after intraperitoneal injections of saline (n = 5) or 15 mg/kg MPTP (n = 5) after 12 treatments with vehicle (CONTROL), 10 mg/kg PQ (PQ 10), 30 mg/kg MB (MB 30), or their combination (PQ + MB). Data are plotted as the percent of the saline control group values. Bonferroni–Dunn post hoc tests for each treatment day indicate differences: *, from the control saline group; +, from the PQ saline group; #, from the MB saline group; ∼, from the PQ+MB saline group.
- Fig. 4.
Striatal levels of DA (left), DOPAC (middle), and DA turnover (DOPAC/DA;right). The changes in group mean (± SE) from control levels of DA, DOPAC, and DA turnover were assessed either 1 hr (n = 10), 3 d (n = 10), or 7 d (n = 5) after the 12th intraperitoneal injection of vehicle (SAL), 10 mg/kg paraquat (PQ 10), 30 mg/kg maneb (MB 30), or their combination (PQ + MB). Data are plotted as a percent of the control group value for the corresponding time point. Bonferroni–Dunn post hoc analysis indicates significant differences: *, from the control group; +, from PQ alone; #, from MB alone.
- Fig. 5.
Striatal immunohistochemistry of TH and DAT. Group mean (± SE) levels of TH (A) and DAT (B) immunoreactivity (expressed as percent of control group values) in dorsal striatum and nucleus (N.) accumbens were measured 5 d after 12 treatments with vehicle (CONTROL; n= 6), 10 mg/kg paraquat (PQ 10; n = 6), 30 mg/kg maneb (MB 30; n = 6), or their combination (PQ 10 + MB 30;n = 6). Bonferroni–Dunn post hocanalysis indicates significant differences: *, from the control group; +, from PQ alone; #, from MB alone.
- Fig. 6.
Western blot analysis of TH protein in mouse striatum. A, The autoradiogram depicts striatal samples isolated 5 d after the last treatment. For each sample, three different concentrations (5, 10, and 20 μg) of striatal protein were loaded onto separate lanes of the gel. In addition, a known amount of purified TH protein standard (THSTD) was loaded onto the 1eft lane and was used to normalize density units between gels. B, Group mean (± SE) levels of tyrosine hydroxylase protein levels (plotted as percent of control group values) were measured by Western blot analysis in the dorsal striatum 1 hr or 5 d after the 12th injection of vehicle (CONTROL; n = 8), 10 mg/kg paraquat (PQ 10; n = 8), 30 mg/kg maneb (MB 30; n = 8), or their combination (PQ10+MB30; n = 8). Bonferroni–Dunn post hoc analysis indicates significant differences: *, from the control group; +, from PQ alone; #, from MB alone.
- Fig. 7.
TH immunoreactivity and neuronal cell counts in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Group mean (± SE) levels of TH immunoreactivity (left) and total cell counts (right) were measured 5 d after the 12th injection of vehicle (CONTROL; n = 6), 10 mg/kg paraquat (PQ 10; n = 6), 30 mg/kg maneb (MB 30; n = 6), or their combination (PQ 10 + MB 30;n = 6). Bonferroni–Dunn post hocanalysis indicates significant differences: *, from the control group; +, from PQ alone; #, from MB alone.
- Fig. 8.
GFAP immunoreactivity in dorsal striatum. Representative photomicrographs depicting GFAP immunoreactivity 5 d after the 12th injection of vehicle (A) or the combination of 10 mg/kg paraquat and 30 mg/kg maneb (B) in dorsal striatum. The combined treatment shows distinguishable clusters of reactive glia that were not observed after corresponding treatment with vehicle or PQ or MB alone.
Tables
Treatment Total number of astrocytes % of control number astrocytes Total number of clusters % of control number of clusters Saline 11 ± 2.2 100 ± 18.5 3 ± 0.8 100 ± 45.1 Paraquat (10 mg/kg) 20 ± 5.4 169 ± 46 4 ± 0.88 130 ± 26.5 Maneb (30 mg/kg) 19 ± 4.3 161 ± 36.5 5 ± 0.62 140 ± 18.4 Paraquat + maneb 44 ± 11* 373 ± 98.2* 9 ± 1.4*,†,1-159 275 ± 42*,†,1-159 Numbers of reactive astrocytes 1 (n = 6), PQ (10 mg/kg; n = 6), MB (30 mg/kg; n = 6), and PQ + MB (n = 5) groups. Bonferroni–Dunnpost hoc analysis indicates significant differences from either control paraquat alone or maneb alone.
Significantly different:
↵* , from control;
↵† , from paraquat alone;
↵F1-159 , from maneb alone.
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