Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
A, Two × two factorial experimental design. Food and non-food stimuli were presented in both hungry and sated states. B, Mean hunger ratings for early and late satiation groups displayed across three scanning blocks (i.e., scans 1–4, 5–8, and 9–12). C, Mean recognition memory scores in all four conditions. D, Mean memory advantage for food items over non-food in early and late satiation groups. Memory advantage was calculated by subtracting non-food recognition scores from food recognition scores in each of the three scanning blocks. In B–D, bars represent 2 SEs, and arrows indicate time of satiation.
- Fig. 2.
A, An SPM showing an activation in right orbitofrontal cortex that covaried positively with recognition memory score. B, Plots of right orbitofrontal activity in food and non-food conditions with respect to recognition score.C, SPM showing left amygdala activation that covaried positively with memory for food items but negatively with memory for non-food. Left amygdala is indicated by a white arrow.D, Plots of left amygdala activity in food and non-food conditions with respect to recognition score. In A andC, activations are displayed on coronal and transverse MRI sections from a representative subject. In B andD, activity is shown in terms of percentage signal change, and linear regression lines have been fitted to the data.
- Fig. 3.
A, An SPM showing a psychophysiological interaction between right orbitofrontal cortex and left amygdala rCBF. Measures of rCBF in maximal amygdala voxel (x = −14, y = −4,z = −20) were used as a covariate of interest in a condition-dependent regression analysis. The orbitofrontal activation is displayed on coronal and transverse MRI sections from a representative subject. B, Plots of right orbitofrontal activity in food and non-food conditions with respect to left amygdala activity. Activations are shown in terms of percentage signal change, and a linear regression line has been fitted to the data.
- Fig. 4.
A, An SPM showing activations in hypothalamus and ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) that covaried positively with subjective ratings of hunger. The activations are displayed on serial coronal MRI sections from a representative subject.B, Mean hypothalamic activity across three scanning blocks (i.e., scans 1–4, 5–8, and 9–12) are shown for early and late satiation groups. C, An SPM showing an activation in right insula that covaried positively with subjective ratings of hunger. The activation is displayed on sagittal and transverse MRI sections from a representative subject. Right insula is indicated by awhite arrow. D, Mean insula activity is shown (in terms of percentage signal change) for early and late satiation groups. In B and D, bars represent 2 SEs, and arrows indicate time of satiation.
- Fig. 5.
A, An SPM showing an activation in right insula that covaried negatively with subjective ratings of hunger (i.e., covaried positively with satiety). The activation is displayed on sagittal and transverse MRI sections from a representative subject. Right insula is indicated by a white arrow.B, Mean insula activity across three scanning blocks (i.e., scans 1–4, 5–8, and 9–12) is shown (in terms of percentage signal change) for early and late satiation groups. Bars represent 2 SEs, and arrows indicate time of satiation.
- Fig. 6.
A, An SPM showing an activation in right orbitofrontal cortex that covaried positively with subjective ratings of hunger in the food condition but covaried negatively with hunger in the non-food condition. The activation (indicated by awhite arrow) is displayed on sagittal and transverse MRI sections from a representative subject. B, Plots of right orbitofrontal activity in food and non-food conditions with respect to hunger ratings. Activity is shown in terms of percentage signal change, and linear regression lines have been fitted to the data.
Tables
Subject Sex Age (years) Body mass index (kg/m2) 1 M 19.8 19.88 2 M 21.0 19.97 3 M 31.2 25.10 4 F 59.5 32.77 5 M 24.5 25.83 6 M 24.1 23.15 7 M 31.2 23.94 8 M 44.6 24.49 9 M 22.0 23.20 10 M 22.6 21.13 Mean 30.05 23.95 Subject Hydroxybutyrate reference range: 50–200 mol/l Free fatty acids reference range: 0.1–0.6 mol/l Fasting Sated Fasting Sated 1 8633-b 172 1.113-b 0.613-b 2 138 313-b 0.663-b 0.773-b 3 82 423-b 1.043-b 0.44 4 3-a 3-a 3-a 3-a 5 110 75 0.733-b 0.48 6 2643-b 104 1.053-b 0.24 7 3253-b 185 0.933-b 0.683-b 8 3593-b 373-b 1.33-b 0.14 9 3703-b 55 0.833-b 0.12 10 65 213-b 1.993-b 0.10 Mean 2863-b 80 1.073-b 0.4
