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ARTICLE, Behavioral/Systems

Brain Glycogen Decreases with Increased Periods of Wakefulness: Implications for Homeostatic Drive to Sleep

Jiming Kong, P. Nicolas Shepel, Clark P. Holden, Mirek Mackiewicz, Allan I. Pack and Jonathan D. Geiger
Journal of Neuroscience 1 July 2002, 22 (13) 5581-5587; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-13-05581.2002
Jiming Kong
2Division of Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba Faculty of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2H 2A6, Canada, and
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P. Nicolas Shepel
1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
2Division of Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba Faculty of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2H 2A6, Canada, and
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Clark P. Holden
1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
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Mirek Mackiewicz
3Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4283
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Allan I. Pack
3Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4283
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Jonathan D. Geiger
1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
2Division of Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba Faculty of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2H 2A6, Canada, and
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Abstract

Sleep is thought to be restorative in function, but what is restored during sleep is unclear. Here we tested the hypothesis that increased periods of wakefulness will result in decreased levels of glycogen, the principal energy store in brain, and with recovery sleep levels of glycogen will be replenished, thus representing a homeostatic component of sleep drive. Using a high-energy focused microwave irradiation method to kill animals and thereby snap-inactivate glycogen-producing and -metabolizing enzymes, we determined, with accuracy and precision, levels of brain glycogen and showed these levels to decrease significantly by ∼40% in brains of rats deprived of sleep for 12 or 24 hr. Recovery sleep of 15 hr duration after 12 hr of sleep deprivation reversed the decreases in glycogen. Using a novel histochemical method to stain brain glycogen, we found glycogen to be concentrated in white matter; this finding was confirmed biochemically in white matter dissected from rats killed with microwave irradiation. Levels of glycogen, as determined histochemically, were significantly decreased in gray and white matter with sleep deprivation, and these decreases were reversed with recovery sleep. The observed decreases in levels of brain glycogen may be a consequence of increased wakefulness and/or a component integral to the homeostatic drive to sleep.

  • sleep drive
  • sleep deprivation
  • brain energy store
  • glycogen
  • astrocyte
  • white matter
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The Journal of Neuroscience: 22 (13)
Journal of Neuroscience
Vol. 22, Issue 13
1 Jul 2002
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Brain Glycogen Decreases with Increased Periods of Wakefulness: Implications for Homeostatic Drive to Sleep
Jiming Kong, P. Nicolas Shepel, Clark P. Holden, Mirek Mackiewicz, Allan I. Pack, Jonathan D. Geiger
Journal of Neuroscience 1 July 2002, 22 (13) 5581-5587; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-13-05581.2002

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Brain Glycogen Decreases with Increased Periods of Wakefulness: Implications for Homeostatic Drive to Sleep
Jiming Kong, P. Nicolas Shepel, Clark P. Holden, Mirek Mackiewicz, Allan I. Pack, Jonathan D. Geiger
Journal of Neuroscience 1 July 2002, 22 (13) 5581-5587; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-13-05581.2002
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Keywords

  • sleep drive
  • sleep deprivation
  • brain energy store
  • glycogen
  • astrocyte
  • white matter

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