Conscious Expectation and Unconscious Conditioning in Analgesic, Motor, and Hormonal Placebo/Nocebo Responses

Fabrizio Benedetti; Antonella Pollo; Leonardo Lopiano; Michele Lanotte; Sergio Vighetti; Innocenzo Rainero

doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-10-04315.2003

Article Information

DOI

https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-10-04315.2003

PubMed

12764120

Published By

Society for Neuroscience

History

Received December 2, 2002
Revision received January 31, 2003
Accepted February 7, 2003
First published May 15, 2003.

Version of record published May 15, 2003.

Author Information

Fabrizio Benedetti1,2,
Antonella Pollo1,2,
Leonardo Lopiano1,
Michele Lanotte4,
Sergio Vighetti1, and
Innocenzo Rainero1,3

¹Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy 10125
²Department of Clinical and Applied Physiology Program, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy 10125
³Department of Neurology III–Headache Center, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy 10125
⁴Division of Neurosurgery, CTO Medical Center, Turin, Italy 10126

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Author contributions

Disclosures

Received December 2, 2002.
Revision received January 31, 2003.
Accepted February 7, 2003.

This work was supported by grants from the Italian Ministerio delĺIstruzione Universitàe Ricerca and from the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Project “Neuroscience.”
Correspondence should be addressed to Fabrizio Benedetti, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy. E-mail: fabrizio.benedetti{at}unito.it
Copyright © 2003 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/03/234315-09$15.00/0

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	Abstract	Full	Pdf
May 2003	85	50	74
Jun 2003	46	77	81
Jul 2003	24	91	48
Aug 2003	28	82	29
Sep 2003	51	71	47
Oct 2003	38	91	43
Nov 2003	35	60	43
Dec 2003	33	44	18
Total 2003	340	566	383
Jan 2004	27	31	11
Feb 2004	38	64	29
Mar 2004	27	57	21
Apr 2004	37	41	16
May 2004	56	90	35
Jun 2004	54	68	31
Jul 2004	56	81	60
Aug 2004	57	84	48
Sep 2004	38	79	59
Oct 2004	30	97	43
Nov 2004	31	127	82
Dec 2004	36	107	57
Total 2004	487	926	492
Jan 2005	28	65	44
Feb 2005	31	77	35
Mar 2005	58	122	67
Apr 2005	33	91	51
May 2005	29	115	50
Jun 2005	25	81	38
Jul 2005	33	67	40
Aug 2005	37	73	43
Sep 2005	31	93	57
Oct 2005	41	126	55
Nov 2005	44	122	115
Dec 2005	29	134	61
Total 2005	419	1166	656
Jan 2006	31	108	53
Feb 2006	18	96	47
Mar 2006	35	75	67
Apr 2006	28	73	56
May 2006	25	61	44
Jun 2006	20	58	44
Jul 2006	26	45	57
Aug 2006	19	33	27
Sep 2006	26	53	37
Oct 2006	46	101	71
Nov 2006	51	71	61
Dec 2006	44	65	60
Total 2006	369	839	624
Jan 2007	27	59	47
Feb 2007	32	76	68
Mar 2007	51	56	54
Apr 2007	27	76	61
May 2007	18	76	57
Jun 2007	12	40	52
Jul 2007	16	49	42
Aug 2007	35	54	39
Sep 2007	26	46	45
Oct 2007	39	60	69
Nov 2007	35	61	63
Dec 2007	40	48	29
Total 2007	358	701	626
Jan 2008	32	33	27
Feb 2008	46	57	43
Mar 2008	52	56	46
Apr 2008	50	56	67
May 2008	26	62	51
Jun 2008	29	71	49
Jul 2008	17	33	40
Aug 2008	29	46	50
Sep 2008	48	63	60
Oct 2008	69	64	62
Nov 2008	43	47	49
Dec 2008	22	33	40
Total 2008	463	621	584
Jan 2009	33	45	39
Feb 2009	35	48	37
Mar 2009	60	62	66
Apr 2009	41	51	62
May 2009	29	50	48
Jun 2009	32	86	47
Jul 2009	32	36	27
Aug 2009	31	32	39
Sep 2009	82	57	69
Oct 2009	61	59	52
Nov 2009	58	51	39
Dec 2009	42	50	39
Total 2009	536	627	564
Jan 2010	44	50	61
Feb 2010	66	35	49
Mar 2010	53	65	71
Apr 2010	53	44	40
May 2010	55	43	43
Jun 2010	39	37	40
Jul 2010	30	45	30
Aug 2010	19	38	35
Sep 2010	55	51	64
Oct 2010	63	67	76
Nov 2010	58	75	76
Dec 2010	125	60	48
Total 2010	660	610	633
Jan 2011	49	75	79
Feb 2011	53	65	64
Mar 2011	88	89	72
Apr 2011	92	90	73
May 2011	80	75	48
Jun 2011	45	48	46
Jul 2011	42	53	50
Aug 2011	87	58	59
Sep 2011	227	121	153
Oct 2011	100	120	68
Nov 2011	92	86	64
Dec 2011	79	62	34
Total 2011	1034	942	810
Jan 2012	129	93	64
Feb 2012	132	84	74
Mar 2012	140	155	102
Apr 2012	131	162	113
May 2012	101	124	71
Jun 2012	56	64	45
Jul 2012	56	78	42
Aug 2012	51	62	51
Sep 2012	99	94	64
Oct 2012	100	109	105
Nov 2012	112	88	101
Dec 2012	102	73	51
Total 2012	1209	1186	883
Jan 2013	80	61	66
Feb 2013	81	100	97
Mar 2013	102	90	102
Apr 2013	97	114	113
May 2013	90	92	95
Jun 2013	42	53	79
Jul 2013	59	86	72
Aug 2013	41	209	51
Sep 2013	84	109	154
Oct 2013	83	110	89
Nov 2013	139	146	113
Dec 2013	48	85	60
Total 2013	946	1255	1091
Jan 2014	84	174	68
Feb 2014	91	150	72
Mar 2014	207	188	94
Apr 2014	128	167	74
May 2014	95	125	71
Jun 2014	89	85	50
Jul 2014	119	147	60
Aug 2014	48	97	47
Sep 2014	103	91	56
Oct 2014	121	148	63
Nov 2014	89	147	63
Dec 2014	103	162	44
Total 2014	1277	1681	762
Jan 2015	82	136	56
Feb 2015	105	125	48
Mar 2015	141	142	54
Apr 2015	126	160	65
May 2015	110	183	64
Jun 2015	118	156	50
Jul 2015	111	111	44
Aug 2015	101	106	50
Sep 2015	109	138	38
Oct 2015	176	141	74
Nov 2015	134	177	79
Dec 2015	155	262	51
Total 2015	1468	1837	673
Jan 2016	114	262	57
Feb 2016	67	244	72
Mar 2016	111	252	59
Apr 2016	101	273	60
May 2016	131	321	58
Jun 2016	101	200	37
Jul 2016	92	415	35
Aug 2016	84	451	30
Sep 2016	103	302	62
Oct 2016	57	169	178
Nov 2016	25	172	39
Dec 2016	16	142	32
Total 2016	1002	3203	719
Jan 2017	45	212	48
Feb 2017	102	234	52
Mar 2017	176	256	58
Apr 2017	88	226	46
May 2017	85	197	74
Jun 2017	45	130	59
Jul 2017	37	120	31
Aug 2017	39	88	44
Sep 2017	64	147	38
Oct 2017	115	162	65
Nov 2017	127	178	62
Dec 2017	101	274	48
Total 2017	1024	2224	625
Jan 2018	116	387	50
Feb 2018	93	733	41
Mar 2018	72	483	66
Apr 2018	72	365	66
May 2018	66	350	49
Jun 2018	53	354	39
Jul 2018	36	258	36
Aug 2018	22	171	39
Sep 2018	53	137	43
Oct 2018	61	167	99
Nov 2018	61	143	56
Dec 2018	51	112	58
Total 2018	756	3660	642
Jan 2019	48	149	47
Feb 2019	26	124	55
Mar 2019	75	123	83
Apr 2019	73	165	91
May 2019	56	140	67
Jun 2019	36	119	64
Jul 2019	37	102	51
Aug 2019	41	442	65
Sep 2019	37	299	43
Oct 2019	81	392	50
Nov 2019	61	136	48
Dec 2019	49	105	65
Total 2019	620	2296	729
Jan 2020	51	106	42
Feb 2020	35	135	40
Mar 2020	23	84	58
Apr 2020	47	133	74
May 2020	46	125	65
Jun 2020	54	78	28
Jul 2020	28	114	79
Aug 2020	31	101	27
Sep 2020	45	124	26
Oct 2020	46	140	45
Nov 2020	29	216	62
Dec 2020	35	130	59
Total 2020	470	1486	605
Jan 2021	25	110	45
Feb 2021	27	106	34
Mar 2021	45	127	70
Apr 2021	51	163	80
May 2021	42	155	74
Jun 2021	33	95	38
Jul 2021	48	84	40
Aug 2021	13	80	27
Sep 2021	24	111	44
Oct 2021	22	305	82
Nov 2021	34	175	59
Dec 2021	15	102	51
Total 2021	379	1613	644
Jan 2022	24	100	43
Total 2022	24	100	43
Total	13841	27539	12788