Hierarchical Processing in Spoken Language Comprehension

This work was supported by the Medical Research Council (UK). We thank Paul Boersma and Chris Darwin for assistance with Praat scripts, Philip Dilks and Iain Turnbull for their help with the pilot study, the staff of the Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, for their help with data acquisition, Matthew Brett and Ian Nimmo-Smith for advice on image processing and statistical analysis, and Brian Cox for his assistance with figures. We are also grateful to Daniel Bor, John Duncan, Stefan Kohler, William Marslen-Wilson, Dennis Norris, Sophie Scott, and anonymous reviewers for comments and suggestions. Example sounds can be found on the Internet at: www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/∼matt.davis/jneurosci/.
Correspondence should be addressed to Matt Davis, Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 2EF. E-mail: matt.davis{at}mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk.

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	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Apr 2003	118	43	109
May 2003	228	110	224
Jun 2003	40	85	60
Jul 2003	19	62	46
Aug 2003	33	34	24
Sep 2003	37	53	28
Oct 2003	21	57	37
Nov 2003	20	43	35
Dec 2003	28	42	25
Total 2003	544	529	588
Jan 2004	34	39	26
Feb 2004	23	27	16
Mar 2004	27	40	36
Apr 2004	25	29	16
May 2004	23	46	39
Jun 2004	21	26	29
Jul 2004	17	36	28
Aug 2004	33	38	16
Sep 2004	47	67	26
Oct 2004	34	86	30
Nov 2004	26	76	34
Dec 2004	34	61	22
Total 2004	344	571	318
Jan 2005	39	61	50
Feb 2005	29	58	37
Mar 2005	29	44	41
Apr 2005	16	46	54
May 2005	35	39	30
Jun 2005	22	27	46
Jul 2005	28	42	32
Aug 2005	13	25	22
Sep 2005	22	43	43
Oct 2005	32	53	63
Nov 2005	36	48	46
Dec 2005	20	36	30
Total 2005	321	522	494
Jan 2006	18	40	23
Feb 2006	31	40	33
Mar 2006	15	47	36
Apr 2006	17	33	31
May 2006	19	27	26
Jun 2006	10	29	44
Jul 2006	16	29	25
Aug 2006	21	24	28
Sep 2006	23	46	46
Oct 2006	47	76	39
Nov 2006	44	47	60
Dec 2006	11	33	37
Total 2006	272	471	428
Jan 2007	30	23	35
Feb 2007	30	47	36
Mar 2007	32	34	39
Apr 2007	37	31	32
May 2007	29	54	30
Jun 2007	23	24	27
Jul 2007	12	14	18
Aug 2007	18	17	24
Sep 2007	27	28	51
Oct 2007	25	24	66
Nov 2007	27	24	35
Dec 2007	18	22	23
Total 2007	308	342	416
Jan 2008	18	33	26
Feb 2008	28	28	35
Mar 2008	33	29	30
Apr 2008	43	41	33
May 2008	44	38	34
Jun 2008	28	23	40
Jul 2008	35	21	25
Aug 2008	24	17	24
Sep 2008	59	28	47
Oct 2008	50	32	36
Nov 2008	66	35	50
Dec 2008	48	15	39
Total 2008	476	340	419
Jan 2009	37	17	34
Feb 2009	59	23	44
Mar 2009	68	51	57
Apr 2009	65	31	43
May 2009	46	26	32
Jun 2009	29	26	25
Jul 2009	20	28	26
Aug 2009	28	13	24
Sep 2009	45	20	33
Oct 2009	53	23	41
Nov 2009	59	27	56
Dec 2009	52	26	58
Total 2009	561	311	473
Jan 2010	35	27	32
Feb 2010	46	28	29
Mar 2010	82	36	51
Apr 2010	56	33	31
May 2010	54	27	29
Jun 2010	31	46	27
Jul 2010	36	22	26
Aug 2010	34	43	22
Sep 2010	55	56	35
Oct 2010	46	40	41
Nov 2010	53	50	54
Dec 2010	67	43	48
Total 2010	595	451	425
Jan 2011	52	35	35
Feb 2011	51	28	27
Mar 2011	81	46	51
Apr 2011	60	40	48
May 2011	46	31	26
Jun 2011	58	40	33
Jul 2011	39	40	31
Aug 2011	39	41	36
Sep 2011	32	29	25
Oct 2011	83	44	51
Nov 2011	66	55	59
Dec 2011	72	48	23
Total 2011	679	477	445
Jan 2012	41	40	23
Feb 2012	57	26	26
Mar 2012	49	58	37
Apr 2012	95	61	42
May 2012	53	32	30
Jun 2012	52	32	30
Jul 2012	49	33	24
Aug 2012	35	22	20
Sep 2012	43	17	42
Oct 2012	58	32	55
Nov 2012	80	33	31
Dec 2012	98	36	27
Total 2012	710	422	387
Jan 2013	65	27	33
Feb 2013	78	40	28
Mar 2013	92	57	46
Apr 2013	82	33	63
May 2013	85	35	73
Jun 2013	42	22	38
Jul 2013	43	11	55
Aug 2013	53	22	47
Sep 2013	40	21	38
Oct 2013	52	29	61
Nov 2013	65	36	79
Dec 2013	51	25	67
Total 2013	748	358	628
Jan 2014	56	21	89
Feb 2014	55	24	70
Mar 2014	64	30	105
Apr 2014	62	50	132
May 2014	71	24	80
Jun 2014	35	17	58
Jul 2014	42	32	38
Aug 2014	21	17	45
Sep 2014	39	28	79
Oct 2014	33	22	22
Nov 2014	64	45	17
Dec 2014	51	18	19
Total 2014	593	328	754
Jan 2015	69	40	20
Feb 2015	47	30	28
Mar 2015	72	91	32
Apr 2015	63	35	51
May 2015	58	44	14
Jun 2015	63	36	27
Jul 2015	25	25	11
Aug 2015	25	19	17
Sep 2015	36	29	21
Oct 2015	35	35	20
Nov 2015	56	29	23
Dec 2015	38	22	21
Total 2015	587	435	285
Jan 2016	36	32	20
Feb 2016	26	45	23
Mar 2016	31	51	31
Apr 2016	40	53	27
May 2016	22	44	21
Jun 2016	18	23	12
Jul 2016	4	28	11
Aug 2016	15	20	8
Sep 2016	10	29	12
Oct 2016	17	33	4
Nov 2016	8	24	9
Dec 2016	10	14	5
Total 2016	237	396	183
Jan 2017	16	48	10
Feb 2017	36	34	13
Mar 2017	19	66	21
Apr 2017	23	25	17
May 2017	37	113	33
Jun 2017	24	22	19
Jul 2017	23	34	29
Aug 2017	26	40	12
Sep 2017	25	35	16
Oct 2017	47	34	35
Nov 2017	33	133	33
Dec 2017	21	56	33
Total 2017	330	640	271
Jan 2018	22	46	29
Feb 2018	31	38	25
Mar 2018	45	46	23
Apr 2018	13	287	32
May 2018	24	466	24
Jun 2018	21	69	27
Jul 2018	15	44	32
Aug 2018	11	34	23
Sep 2018	16	31	24
Oct 2018	29	63	49
Nov 2018	43	93	58
Dec 2018	27	64	41
Total 2018	297	1281	387
Jan 2019	24	69	39
Feb 2019	28	65	31
Mar 2019	34	79	34
Apr 2019	48	66	57
May 2019	47	87	61
Jun 2019	27	69	24
Jul 2019	53	44	46
Aug 2019	22	50	26
Sep 2019	22	119	43
Oct 2019	29	165	48
Nov 2019	47	47	58
Dec 2019	18	83	37
Total 2019	399	943	504
Jan 2020	25	66	35
Feb 2020	23	38	40
Mar 2020	31	51	38
Apr 2020	41	77	37
May 2020	32	85	49
Jun 2020	24	56	39
Jul 2020	40	31	16
Aug 2020	13	42	31
Sep 2020	26	66	35
Oct 2020	49	94	62
Nov 2020	30	64	42
Dec 2020	40	98	61
Total 2020	374	768	485
Jan 2021	11	42	23
Total 2021	11	42	23
Total	8386	9627	7913