Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Adaptation to visuomotor rotations. Curves show mean angular error as a function of block on different days. The height of the shaded areas represents ±1 SE. For clarity, we have shaded the area formed by joining confidence intervals between adjacent blocks. The top panel shows results for the control group who adapted to the same visuomotor rotation (A) on days 1 and 3. The bottom panels show results for the test group who also adapted to the opposing visuomotor rotation (B) on day 2.
- Figure 2.
Adaptation to visuomotor rotations with washout trials. Curves show mean angular error as a function of block on different days. Curves to the left of the dashed vertical line show performance in null trials; those to the right show adaptation to the visuomotor rotation. The height of the shaded areas represents ±1 SE. The top panel shows results for the control group who adapted to the same visuomotor rotation (A) on days 1-3. The bottom panels show results for the test group who also experienced A on days 1 and 3 but adapted to the opposing visuomotor rotation (B) on day 2.
- Figure 3.
Adaptation to position-dependent force fields. Curves show mean perpendicular distance as a function of block on different days. The height of the shaded areas represents ±1 SE. The top panel shows results for the control group who adapted to the same force field (A) on days 1 and 3. The middle and bottom panels show results for the 5 min test group and the 24 hr test group who also adapted to the opposing force field (B) either 5 min after A on day 1 or on day 2, respectively.
- Figure 4.
Adaptation to velocity-dependent force fields. Curves show mean area enclosed by the hand path as a function of block on different days. The height of the shaded areas represents ±1 SE. The left panel shows results for the 5 min test group who adapted to opposing force fields (A and then B) separated by 5 min on day 1 and then were retested on A on day 2. The middle panels show results for the 24 hr control and test groups who adapted to A on day 1 and were retested on A 2 d later. The 24 hr test group also adapted to the opposing force field B on day 2. The right panels show results for the 1 week control and test groups who adapted to A on day 1 and were retested on A 2 weeks later. The 1 week test group also adapted to the opposing force field B a week after first adapting to A on day 1.
- Figure 5.
Adaptation to velocity-dependent force fields with the arm supported. Curves show mean area enclosed by the hand path as a function of block on different days. The height of the shaded areas represents ±1 SE. The top panel shows results for the control group who trained on null trials on day 1 and then adapted to the same force field A on days 2 and 4. The bottom panel shows results for the test group who also adapted to the opposing force field B on day 3.
- Figure 6.
Adaptation to velocity-dependent force fields with the arm supported. Curves in the left panels show mean area enclosed by the hand path as a function of block on different days. Curves in the right panels show the vector correlation measure (see Materials and Methods for details) as a function of block on different days. Curves to the left of the dashed vertical line show performance in null trials performed at the start of each session. The height of the shaded areas represents ±1 SE. The top panel shows results for the control group who adapted to the same force field A on days 2 and 4 and experienced a full set of null trials on day 3. The bottom panel shows results for the test group who adapted to A on days 2 and 4 and the opposing force field B on day 3. Both groups trained on a full set of null trials on day 1 (data not shown).
Tables
Location Perturbation Movement Posture Experiment Subjects Group Paradigm Kingston Visuomotor rotation Out and back Supported 1 7 Control A 
A 8 Test A B A 2 5 Control NA NA NA 8 Test NA NB NA London Position-dependent force field Out and back Free 3 6 Control A A A 6 Test 5 min B A 6 Test 24 hr A B A A Kingston Velocity-dependent force field Out and back Free 4 6 Test 5 min B A 11 Control 24 hr A A 8 Test 24 hr A B A 5 Control 1 week A A 8 Test 1 week A B A Point to point Supported 5 9 Control N A A 9 Test N A B A Kyoto Velocity-dependent force field Point to point Supported 6 6 Control N NA NN NA 9 Test N NA NB NA -
, 1 d; , 7 d; N, null trials; A, perturbation trials; B, opposite perturbation to A.
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