Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Magnetic resonance images for three of the four memory-impaired patients (G.W., K.E., and L.J.) with damage limited primarily to the hippocampal region and one healthy control (CON). The images are T1-weighted coronal sections at the level of the anterior hippocampus. For all images, the left side of the brain is on the right side of the image. Black triangles on the image for the control, 56 years of age, indicate the hippocampal region. See Materials and Methods for detailed descriptions of the lesions.
- Figure 2.
Experiment 1. The mean accuracy during testing on a five-item, transitive inference task by healthy volunteers is shown. Premise pair and probe pair performance is shown for participants (mean age, 19.6 years) who were designated as aware or unaware of the hierarchical relationship among the premise pairs. Aware and unaware participants obtained similar accuracy scores on all premise pairs and on the end-anchor probe pair AE. Aware participants performed better than the unaware participants on the transitive probe pair BD (*p < 0.01). Error bars indicate SEM. Dashed line, Chance performance.
- Figure 3.
Experiment 2. The mean accuracy during testing on a six-item, transitive inference task by healthy volunteers is shown. Premise pair and probe pair performance is shown for participants (mean age, 19.2 years) who were designated as aware or unaware of the hierarchical relationship among the premise pairs. Aware and unaware participants obtained similar accuracy scores on all premise pairs and on the end-anchor probe pair AE. Aware participants performed better than the unaware participants on the transitive probe pairs BD, CE, and BE (*p < 0.05; †p < 0.06). Error bars indicate SEM. Dashed line, Chance performance.
- Figure 4.
Experiment 3. Trials to criterion during training on a five-item, transitive inference task for healthy controls (CON; mean age, 58.3 years) and memory-impaired patients (GW, LJ, AB, and KE; mean age, 59.7 years). Healthy controls reached criterion (mean ± SEM) within 1 training day (range, 200-683 trials). Memory-impaired patients failed to reach criterion during 2 training days. Training progressed in phases (P1-P5). In phase 5, the four premise pairs were presented in pseudorandom order. Participants were required to reach criterion (≥90% accuracy on all premise pairs) within each phase before advancing to the next phase. Error bar indicates SEM.
- Figure 5.
Experiment 3. The mean accuracy during testing on a five-item, transitive inference task. Premise and probe pair performance is shown for memory-impaired patients (mean age, 60.5 years) and for healthy controls (mean age, 58.3 years) who were designated as aware or unaware of the hierarchical relationship among the premise pairs. Aware and unaware controls obtained similar accuracy scores on all premise pairs and on the end-anchor probe pair AE. Aware controls performed better than unaware controls on the transitive probe pair BD (*p < 0.01). The patients performed well on the premise pair AB and on the end-anchor probe pair AE, but they performed at chance on the other pairs. None of the patients was aware of the hierarchy. Error bars indicate SEM. Dashed line, Chance performance.
Tables
1. The following pair of shapes was presented together several times, but you were never told which shape was correct. Circle the shape you believe is correct (guess if necessary). 
2. The following pair of shapes was presented together several times, but you were never told which shape was correct. Circle the shape you believe is correct (guess if necessary). Participants were then asked to specify why they chose one shape over the other in questions 1 and 2. 3. The following pair of shapes was never presented together. Circle the shape you believe is correct (guess if necessary). 4. The following pair of shapes was never presented together. Circle the shape you believe is correct (guess if necessary). 5. The following pair of shapes was never presented together. Circle the shape you believe is correct (guess if necessary). 6. The following pair of shapes was never presented together. Circle the shape you believe is correct (guess if necessary). Participants were then asked to specify why they chose one shape over the other in questions 3-6. 7. Based on your understanding of the relationships among these shapes, arrange the shapes appropriately on the blank lines. Use the numbers provided to stand for the shapes (guess if necessary). Participants were then asked to specify why they put the shapes in the order specified above. The pairs indicated in questions 1-6 are BD, AE, AC, BE, AD, and CE, respectively. The left-right position of characters in questions 1-6 and the arrangement of characters in question 7 were counterbalanced. WMS-R Patient Age (years) Education (years) WAIS-III IQ Attention Verbal Visual General Delay A.B. 67 20 107 87 62 72 54 <50 K.E. 63 13.5 108 114 64 84 72 55 L.J. 67 12 101 105 83 60 69 <50 G.W. 45 12 108 105 67 86 70 <50 -
WAIS-III IQ, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III; WMS-R, Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised.
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