Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Photo-uncaging of glutamate determined by glutamate-like immunoreactivity. A, Relative glutamate immunoreactivity determined by ELISA in samples containing defined concentrations ofl-glutamate(○) or 1mmγ-(CNB-caged)l-glutamate, photostimulated (b) or not (a). The curve was determined using duplicate samples. Fitted curve: y = 5.9492 x2 + 6.3389 x–0.0078; R2 = 0.9967. The amount of uncaged glutamate was calculated using the obtained curve and represents the mean of four determinations each. B, Uncaging of glutamate in situ. The bees were given systemic injection of 1 μl of 10mm γ-(CNB-caged) l-glutamate. Twenty minutes later, the brains were dissected and treated (or not) with five UV flashes. Glutamate immunoreactivity in brain extracts is shown normalized to the average of non-photostimulated brains. Numbers in the bars represent the number of animals. *p < 0.05 (t test). IR, Immunoreactivity.
- Figure 2.
Effects of temporally and locally defined photo-uncaging of glutamate on honeybee olfactory memory. Twenty minutes before training, the bees received systemic injections of vehicle or caged glutamate. The arrows indicate the site and time (1 min before or 5 s after training) of photostimulation(UVflash). Each data point represents the probability of PER elicited by odor during training and testing sessions.A, Photorelease of glutamate in the mushroom bodies 1 min before training does not affect learning or memory. Vehicle, n = 36; caged glutamate, n = 40 (ANOVA repeated measurements, F = 0.14; p = 0.71). B, Photorelease of glutamate in the mushroom bodies immediately after training improves LTM. Vehicle, n = 35; caged glutamate, n = 32 (ANOVA repeated measurements, F = 4.86; p = 0.03 between groups and post hoc test; χ2 test, **p < 0.01). C, Photorelease of glutamate in the antennal lobes (ALs) immediately after training does not affect learning or memory. Vehicle, n = 28; caged glutamate, n = 21 (ANOVA repeated measurements: F = 1.87; p = 0.18). glu, Glutamate.
