Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Task design. a, The three panels indicate the three different types of cue that began each trial (gain, loss, null). The amounts for the gain and loss conditions varied between $2, $1, and 25¢. b, The cue panel appeared for ∼1.9 s, followed by the imperative stimulus. Subjects responded to the odd letter in the string.
- Figure 2.
Behavioral results. Behavioral results depict response times (in milliseconds, ±SEM) for correct trials (a) and accuracy rates (±SEM) (b) for the low- and high-interference conditions and the three incentive conditions.
- Figure 3.
Error processing in the MFC. Contrasts for error trials between gain and null (a) and between loss and null (b) show a mid-MFC focus in both incentive conditions relative to null and rACC activation in the loss − null contrast. BOLD signal change for error trials minus correct trials for loss (c), gain (d), and null (e) reveals pMFC activation for each condition, plus rACC activation for loss. Activation occurs for correct trials in the mid-MFC for gain (f) relative to null. g, Extracted BOLD signal (regression coefficient values ± SEM) from an unbiased volume of interest derived from the mid-MFC activation during error trials demonstrates activity increases for gain and loss incentive conditions (*p < 0.05, loss > null; **p < 0.05, gain > null). All voxels are overlaid on the MNI 152 reference image and displayed at a threshold of p < 0.005, except for the pMFC focus in c (p < 0.01).
- Figure 4.
Interference and error signal in the pMFC. a, BOLD activation for interference (high − low) collapsed across incentive conditions revealed a pMFC focus. The inset graph of extracted signal from the cluster defined by this contrast shows a similar pattern of interference across the three incentive conditions. b, Activation for error − correct occurs in the pMFC, and, when data are extracted from this cluster for the correct trials, the interference effect persists. Values on the ordinate axis of both inset graphs represent regression coefficient values ± SEM, whereas the categories on the abscissa represent the three incentive conditions. Voxels displayed for p < 0.005.
- Figure 5.
Individual subject results for error processing. a, Peak activation foci for each subject (legend on the left of figure) for the high − low contrast, plotted on the right MFC for x = −3 to +18. No foci appeared for x < −3 in this contrast. b, Activation foci for error − correct contrasts are plotted on the left MFC (left) from x = +3 to −18 and on the right MFC (right) for x = −3 to +18.
- Figure 6.
Incentive effect on correct trials. Activation for correct − error occurs in anterior MFC and the VS. Voxels displayed for p < 0.005.
Tables
Region Cluster sizea x, y, zb Zscorec Error − correct, loss conditions pMFC (BA 6) 5 6, 6, 54 2.61d rACC (BA 32) 9 −3, 39, −9 3.01 Error − correct, gain conditions pMFC (BA 6) 100 9, 3, 63 3.48 0, 18, 54 3.35 12, 18, 57 3.13 Error − correct, null conditions pMFC (BA 6, 32) 17 6, 9, 66 3.32 29 6, 9, 45 3.11 3, 6, 57 2.86 Error − correct, all conditions pMFC (BA 6) 23 3, 6, 57 2.86 6, 6, 51 2.68 High–low interference pMFC (BA 6, 32) 139 0, 9, 54 3.72 3, 9, 45 3.68 9, 15, 42 3.72 6, 21, 60 3.04 -
↵aNumber of voxels (p < 0.005) exceeding contiguity threshold of 216 mm3.
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↵bStereotactic coordinates according to the MNI atlas, right/left, anterior/posterior, and superior/inferior, respectively.
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↵cZ score for peak magnitude(s) within a cluster, with false discovery rate of p < 0.005, corrected for search region.
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↵dFalse discovery rate, p < 0.01.
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Region Cluster sizea x, y, zb Zscorec Correct − error Anterior MFC (BA 32) 16 3, 48, 3 3.44 Anterior MFC (BA 10) 126 −9, 69, 9 3.97 Anterior MFC (BA 11) 0, 51, −18 3.76 9, 63, −9 2.91 Ventral striatum (left) 53 −18, 6, −12 3.72 −3, 12, −9 3.43 −12, 9, −15 3.36 Ventral striatum (right) 26 18, 9, −12 3.43 -
↵aNumber of voxels (p < 0.005) exceeding contiguity threshold of 216 mm3.
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↵bStereotactic coordinates according to the MNI atlas, right/left, anterior/posterior, and superior/inferior, respectively.
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↵cZscore for peak magnitude(s) within a cluster, with false discovery rate of p < 0.005, corrected for search region.
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