Why Does the Brain Predict Sensory Consequences of Oculomotor Commands? Optimal Integration of the Predicted and the Actual Sensory Feedback

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant NS37422 and by the Human Frontiers Science Program. We thank Mark Shelhamer for helpful comments.
Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Reza Shadmehr, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, 419 Traylor Building, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195. Email: reza{at}bme.jhu.edu

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	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Apr 2006	462	76	295
May 2006	47	40	97
Jun 2006	15	35	42
Jul 2006	12	20	16
Aug 2006	14	19	22
Sep 2006	15	10	20
Oct 2006	23	38	40
Nov 2006	60	23	56
Dec 2006	19	21	27
Total 2006	667	282	615
Jan 2007	16	35	26
Feb 2007	20	26	34
Mar 2007	13	14	17
Apr 2007	15	18	13
May 2007	21	29	29
Jun 2007	14	23	18
Jul 2007	10	13	11
Aug 2007	14	16	10
Sep 2007	10	4	9
Oct 2007	15	29	30
Nov 2007	7	8	12
Dec 2007	11	10	15
Total 2007	166	225	224
Jan 2008	9	14	12
Feb 2008	11	12	22
Mar 2008	16	10	24
Apr 2008	14	15	24
May 2008	16	18	19
Jun 2008	18	19	12
Jul 2008	14	21	21
Aug 2008	13	13	13
Sep 2008	34	33	14
Oct 2008	14	9	10
Nov 2008	19	14	18
Dec 2008	14	6	12
Total 2008	192	184	201
Jan 2009	13	9	12
Feb 2009	21	7	10
Mar 2009	12	10	12
Apr 2009	12	7	14
May 2009	10	3	10
Jun 2009	4	4	4
Jul 2009	9	7	3
Aug 2009	21	9	18
Sep 2009	13	8	31
Oct 2009	8	11	28
Nov 2009	10	10	12
Dec 2009	9	6	7
Total 2009	142	91	161
Jan 2010	10	3	12
Feb 2010	11	6	12
Mar 2010	16	6	15
Apr 2010	9	10	7
May 2010	7	4	7
Jun 2010	4	2	4
Jul 2010	4	8	14
Aug 2010	10	6	6
Sep 2010	10	11	9
Oct 2010	35	11	28
Nov 2010	19	6	26
Dec 2010	14	22	27
Total 2010	149	95	167
Jan 2011	21	12	23
Feb 2011	12	4	15
Mar 2011	21	3	7
Apr 2011	14	18	20
May 2011	20	9	11
Jun 2011	9	2	8
Jul 2011	13	12	11
Aug 2011	18	5	12
Sep 2011	20	5	5
Oct 2011	14	11	26
Nov 2011	17	10	17
Dec 2011	18	9	30
Total 2011	197	100	185
Jan 2012	17	4	19
Feb 2012	21	3	18
Mar 2012	45	7	25
Apr 2012	28	17	30
May 2012	25	11	21
Jun 2012	20	8	15
Jul 2012	21	3	25
Aug 2012	15	3	16
Sep 2012	16	5	25
Oct 2012	31	8	19
Nov 2012	41	16	34
Dec 2012	38	8	21
Total 2012	318	93	268
Jan 2013	25	8	10
Feb 2013	23	11	14
Mar 2013	20	11	19
Apr 2013	31	13	14
May 2013	29	15	16
Jun 2013	19	2	7
Jul 2013	15	10	9
Aug 2013	22	0	4
Sep 2013	25	9	9
Oct 2013	13	13	10
Nov 2013	9	15	9
Dec 2013	10	4	14
Total 2013	241	111	135
Jan 2014	21	9	5
Feb 2014	10	10	7
Mar 2014	17	17	8
Apr 2014	22	15	19
May 2014	24	14	8
Jun 2014	16	12	12
Jul 2014	32	7	14
Aug 2014	17	12	10
Sep 2014	19	9	13
Oct 2014	20	14	5
Nov 2014	4	10	3
Dec 2014	12	16	9
Total 2014	214	145	113
Jan 2015	12	30	4
Feb 2015	5	17	2
Mar 2015	25	16	8
Apr 2015	16	13	7
May 2015	10	16	4
Jun 2015	8	11	12
Jul 2015	18	11	10
Aug 2015	13	17	12
Sep 2015	30	19	14
Oct 2015	15	17	3
Nov 2015	21	32	11
Dec 2015	29	26	19
Total 2015	202	225	106
Jan 2016	18	20	13
Feb 2016	29	30	20
Mar 2016	24	23	13
Apr 2016	41	15	8
May 2016	26	19	5
Jun 2016	32	23	9
Jul 2016	17	8	11
Aug 2016	27	20	10
Sep 2016	20	14	25
Oct 2016	9	31	12
Nov 2016	4	27	12
Dec 2016	11	24	11
Total 2016	258	254	149
Jan 2017	5	45	11
Feb 2017	5	25	5
Mar 2017	8	35	15
Apr 2017	4	13	3
May 2017	2	42	7
Jun 2017	3	15	3
Jul 2017	0	21	7
Aug 2017	4	13	6
Sep 2017	4	21	7
Oct 2017	5	21	7
Nov 2017	2	28	6
Dec 2017	16	24	20
Total 2017	58	303	97
Jan 2018	5	20	5
Feb 2018	6	15	12
Mar 2018	6	21	9
Apr 2018	1	29	7
May 2018	3	24	5
Jun 2018	2	31	8
Jul 2018	9	21	17
Aug 2018	2	16	5
Sep 2018	3	29	10
Oct 2018	5	29	8
Nov 2018	4	33	11
Dec 2018	6	15	7
Total 2018	52	283	104
Jan 2019	6	25	12
Feb 2019	1	20	4
Mar 2019	3	28	13
Apr 2019	33	32	7
May 2019	13	42	14
Jun 2019	2	15	8
Jul 2019	4	21	16
Aug 2019	6	25	9
Sep 2019	2	10	3
Oct 2019	1	28	5
Nov 2019	7	20	12
Dec 2019	3	29	11
Total 2019	81	295	114
Jan 2020	5	33	9
Feb 2020	1	20	7
Mar 2020	3	29	8
Apr 2020	1	15	10
May 2020	3	11	8
Jun 2020	1	9	10
Jul 2020	8	21	8
Aug 2020	4	9	7
Sep 2020	4	25	8
Oct 2020	5	25	10
Nov 2020	5	25	15
Dec 2020	10	38	18
Total 2020	50	260	118
Jan 2021	2	17	9
Total 2021	2	17	9
Total	2989	2963	2766