Figure 1.
Tau hyperphosphorylation, apoptotic neuronal death, reactive gliosis, and learning deficit in Tet/GSK-3β mice. A, Western blot analysis of hippocampal protein extracts from wild-type (wt) or Tet/GSK-3β mice probed with antibodies against GSK-3α/β and AD-like phosphorylated tau (PHF-1). B, Immunohistochemistry in hippocampal sections of wild-type (wt) and Tet/GSK-3β mice performed with the antibodies against transgenic GSK-3β (MYC), PHF-1, cleaved caspase-3 (Casp-3), and GFAP. C, Histogram showing the deficit in spatial memory of Tet/GSK-3β mice versus wild-type (wt) mice in the object recognition test. The memory index is expressed as exploratory preference in the retention test. Memory index = [tC/(tA + tC)] × 100, with A and C representing the familiar and the novel objects, respectively. Error bars indicate SE. *p < 0.02. Scale bar, 50 μm.