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Articles, Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive

Dissociating the Role of Ventral and Dorsal Premotor Cortex in Precision Grasping

Marco Davare, Michael Andres, Guy Cosnard, Jean-Louis Thonnard and Etienne Olivier
Journal of Neuroscience 22 February 2006, 26 (8) 2260-2268; https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3386-05.2006
Marco Davare
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Michael Andres
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Guy Cosnard
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Jean-Louis Thonnard
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Etienne Olivier
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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    The grip–lift task. A, Picture of the manipulandum used to investigate grip–lift movements. The task was always performed with the right, dominant hand, and only the thumb and index fingertips were in contact with the manipulandum. GF and LF vectors are shown for the thumb. B, Typical control grip–lift movement gathered during a sham trial. From top to bottom, GF and LF, their first derivatives (dGF/dt and dLF/dt), and the EMG activity of the 1DI, APB, and BrR. T0–T1 and T1–T2 cursors on the GF and LF traces delimit the preloading and loading phases, respectively.

  • Figure 2.
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    Figure 2.

    Location of the TMS coil positions to induce virtual lesion of PMv (blue) and PMd (red). To stimulate PMv, the coil was positioned over the caudal portion of the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (BA44), corresponding to the following normalized MNI coordinates: −60 ± 2, 16 ± 3, 23 ± 9 mm (x, y, z, mean ± SD; n = 10) and 56 ± 6, 16 ± 4, 26 ± 9 mm (n = 6) for the left and right PMv, respectively. To target PMd, the coil was positioned over the superior portion of the precentral gyrus, as delimited by the superior frontal sulcus. The mean MNI coordinates of stimulation sites for the left and right PMd were, respectively, −22 ± 3, −4 ± 4, 71 ± 4 mm (x, y, z, mean ± SD; n = 10) and 24 ± 4, −5 ± 6, 72 ± 3 mm (n = 6). Each ellipse was centered on the mean MNI coordinates of PMv and PMd stimulation points, and their surface shows the 95% confidence interval of the normalized coordinates calculated for each subject.

  • Figure 3.
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    Figure 3.

    Distinctive effects of the left or right PMv or PMd inactivation on the grip–lift movement. Virtual lesions of PMv specifically altered the grasping phase of grip–lift movement, whereas lesions of the left PMd only affected the lifting phase. Histograms showing the dissociation between the effects of virtual lesions of the left and right PMv (light gray) and PMd (dark gray) when compared with the control condition (white) for four movement parameters: A, the delay between the intrinsic hand muscle recruitment, i.e., the APB and 1DI; B, the index–thumb horizontal distance (Ind-Th H dist); C, the BrR muscle onset; and D, the preloading phase duration. *p < 0.05

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    Figure 4.

    Effects of the virtual lesions of the left or right PMv on the fingertip positioning. Side view of the manipulandum showing the distribution of the fingertip positions for the thumb (black circles) and the index finger (white circles). The two graspable surfaces of the manipulandum were superimposed to represent the thumb and index fingertip positions on the same graph. The subject’s hand came from the right side of the figure. The ellipses represent the area in which 95% of the fingertip positions were found. A, Distribution of the thumb and index fingertip positions for 30 control trials in one subject. Note that the index finger contact points were always slightly farther than those of the thumb. B, A virtual lesion of the left PMv increased significantly both the horizontal distance between the thumb and index finger contact points and their variability. C, Similar effects, although less pronounced, of a virtual lesion of the right PMv on fingertip positions and distributions.

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    Figure 5.

    Distinct time course of the effects of PMv or PMd virtual lesions. A, Time course of the effect of a left PMv virtual lesion on the horizontal index–thumb distance. This parameter was found increased after left PMv stimulation but only when paired-pulse TMS was delivered 50 or 100 ms after the Go signal (white triangles) when compared with control (black circles). B, Time course of the consequence of a left PMd virtual lesion on the preloading phase duration. A virtual lesion of the left PMd led to a longer preloading phase (white squares) but only when paired-pulse TMS was delivered 150 or 200 ms when compared with controls (black circles). *p < 0.05

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    Table 1.

    Effects of the left PMv and PMd inactivation on the grip–lift movement parameters

    ControlsLeft PMvLeft PMd
    Temporal parameters
        RT (ms)182.3 ± 42.5175.8 ± 37.2172.1 ± 44.1
        MT (ms)87.4 ± 16.7107.4 ± 20.4*85.2 ± 15.3
        CT (ms)5.2 ± 1.415.6 ± 11.4*5.7 ± 1.5
        APB–1DI (ms)12.4 ± 4.629.3 ± 6.7*11.3 ± 5.9
        BrR (ms)221.2 ± 15.7220.3 ± 18.3237.2 ± 17.4*
        1DI–BrR (ms)28.4 ± 8.216.3 ± 7.655.4 ± 10.3*
        Preloading phase (ms)31.3 ± 14.737.1 ± 15.363.4 ± 17.3*
        Loading phase (ms)181.2 ± 29.1185.3 ± 30.2177.2 ± 27.4
    Dynamic parameters
        GF peak (N)8.7 ± 1.68.3 ± 1.58.5 ± 2.1
        LF peak (N)6.1 ± 1.26.2 ± 1.56.1 ± 1.3
        dGF/dt peak (N/s)45.2 ± 6.947.3 ± 7.144.8 ± 6.5
        dLF/dt peak (N/s)42.6 ± 6.143.4 ± 6.440.9 ± 5.8
        Cross-correlation coefficient0.85 ± 0.100.78 ± 0.120.82 ± 0.10
        Time shift (ms)23.8 ± 7.827.3 ± 8.845.7 ± 9.3*
    Finger positioning
        Ind-Th H dist (mm)5.2 ± 1.312.5 ± 2.0*6.1 ± 1.4
        Ind-Th V dist (mm)2.1 ± 1.53.1 ± 1.82.7 ± 1.3
        Index CP area (mm2)32.8 ± 8.490.3 ± 15.3*37.3 ± 9.3
        Thumb CP area (mm2)28.8 ± 6.379.5 ± 14.2*34.1 ± 9.4
    • Mean ± SD values (n = 10) of movement parameters gathered in the control condition (sham) and after rTMS over PMv and PMd. Ind-Th H dist and Ind-Th V dist, Horizontal and vertical distance between the index and thumb on the manipulandum.

    • ↵*p < 0.05.

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    Table 2.

    Hemispheric dominance for controlling grip–lift movement parameters

    ControlsLeft PMvLeft PMdLeft M1Right PMvRight PMdRight M1
    Temporal parameters
        RT (ms)180.7 ± 37.4171.5 ± 35.6176.2 ± 34.9254.3 ± 47.2*185.7 ± 38.3183.4 ± 37.2192.1 ± 29.5
        MT (ms)89.1 ± 15.3105.7 ± 17.3*84.3 ± 18.593.6 ± 17.487.4 ± 12.781.4 ± 14.591.2 ± 15.3
        CT (ms)5.6 ± 1.017.7 ± 12.1*4.7 ± 1.36.1 ± 1.95.2 ± 1.46.1 ± 1.15.3 ± 1.5
        APB–1DI (ms)11.7 ± 4.326.3 ± 7.1*14.8 ± 5.210.7 ± 4.313.7 ± 5.115.2 ± 6.813.2 ± 5.8
        BrR (ms)218.8 ± 16.4221.5 ± 18.3234.3 ± 15.8*293.7 ± 25.4*215.3 ± 17.9218.9 ± 20.3201.6 ± 14.8*
        1DI–BrR (ms)29.8 ± 9.422.7 ± 7.444.1 ± 10.3*28.8 ± 12.421.3 ± 10.220.5 ± 10.118.7 ± 10.4*
        Preloading phase (ms)35.4 ± 15.441.7 ± 17.369.1 ± 18.1*43.6 ± 19.243.1 ± 8.734.6 ± 21.521.6 ± 9.3*
        Loading phase (ms)183.2 ± 27.4185.6 ± 29.4181.8 ± 28.4223.7 ± 31.4*187.3 ± 27.3182.5 ± 31.4157.4 ± 28.3*
    Dynamic parameters
        GF peak (N)8.5 ± 1.48.9 ± 1.58.4 ± 1.57.2 ± 3.2*8.8 ± 1.68.3 ± 1.48.5 ± 1.8
        dGF/dt peak (N/s)46.7 ± 7.145.7 ± 8.447.1 ± 7.331.9 ± 10.3*45.5 ± 9.246.3 ± 6.465.8 ± 9.5*
        dLF/dt peak (N/s)42.3 ± 6.141.9 ± 7.142.8 ± 6.528.7 ± 9.4*40.3 ± 6.741.5 ± 6.958.3 ± 7.1*
        Cross-correlation coefficient0.86 ± 0.100.81 ± 0.100.85 ± 0.110.53 ± 0.21*0.78 ± 0.120.83 ± 0.100.55 ± 0.15*
        Time shift (ms)25.5 ± 8.728.2 ± 9.340.3 ± 8.9*55.4 ± 15.2*30.2 ± 9.523.2 ± 10.157.2 ± 19.1*
    Finger positioning
        Ind-Th H dist (mm)5.3 ± 1.911.5 ± 2.2*6.9 ± 1.65.5 ± 1.49.2 ± 2.0*5.8 ± 1.75.7 ± 2.1
        Index CP area (mm2)30.1 ± 7.685.9 ± 17.1*29.4 ± 8.133.2 ± 9.164.5 ± 9.6*33.5 ± 10.434.2 ± 10.2
        Thumb CP area (mm2)24.9 ± 5.373.8 ± 13.7*27.2 ± 6.327.2 ± 8.457.2 ± 12.5*30.4 ± 7.832.6 ± 7.1
    • Mean ± SD values (n = 6) of movement parameters gathered in the control condition (sham) and after the inactivation of the left and right PMv, PMd, and M1. Ind-Th H dist, Horizontal distance between the index and thumb on the manipulandum.

    • ↵*p < 0.05.

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The Journal of Neuroscience: 26 (8)
Journal of Neuroscience
Vol. 26, Issue 8
22 Feb 2006
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Dissociating the Role of Ventral and Dorsal Premotor Cortex in Precision Grasping
Marco Davare, Michael Andres, Guy Cosnard, Jean-Louis Thonnard, Etienne Olivier
Journal of Neuroscience 22 February 2006, 26 (8) 2260-2268; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3386-05.2006

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Dissociating the Role of Ventral and Dorsal Premotor Cortex in Precision Grasping
Marco Davare, Michael Andres, Guy Cosnard, Jean-Louis Thonnard, Etienne Olivier
Journal of Neuroscience 22 February 2006, 26 (8) 2260-2268; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3386-05.2006
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