Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Experimental procedure. a, Schematic illustration of the experimental procedure demonstrating the timing of the experimental trial. An experimental trial began with the presentation of the apparent-rotation sequence. The first frame was shown for 100 ms, followed by an interstimulus interval lasting 100 ms (ISI 1). Then, the second frame was presented for 100 ms. After the apparent-rotation sequence, a blank screen was displayed for 1000 ms (ISI 2), followed by the test stimulus (Test), which was shown for 100 ms. After the presentation of the test stimulus, the screen went black again for 2600 ms [intertrial interval (ITI)]. b, Perspective projections of one object from the stimulus set used in the experiment. Two stimuli constituted the apparent rotation sequence (frames 1 and 2). The type of condition is defined by the test stimulus. A test stimulus was a repetition of the second frame (repeated; orange), a stimulus rotated to an interpolated position (interpolated; red), a stimulus extrapolated in the direction of motion (continuous extrapolated; blue), a stimulus extrapolated in the reverse direction of the path of motion (reverse extrapolated; turquoise), or a novel stimulus, which was equivalent to the interpolated stimulus of the corresponding object of the second sample of stimuli (novel; green). Stimuli were created using BrainVoyager 2000 (Brain Innovation). c, Schematic illustration of the different tasks for the three experiments. In experiments 1, 2, and 4 (Exp. 1,2,4), subjects were instructed to maintain fixation on a red fixation point that was present during the entire trial, while performing different tasks on the objects. In experiment 1, subjects had to indicate via button press whether the test stimulus depicted the same object compared with the object of the apparent-rotation sequence or a different one (OIT). In experiment 2, subjects had to decide whether the test stimulus was rotated in the same direction of motion as the apparent-rotation sequence or in the other direction (DMT). In experiment 4, subjects had to indicate whether the test stimulus depicted a part of the double stimulus or not. In experiment 3 (Exp. 3), subjects performed an attention-demanding task on a randomly generated stream of letters and digits that was presented at 2 Hz at the center of the screen. They had to press a button whenever they detected a digit (ACT).
- Figure 2.
fMRI results for experiment 1. a, Contrast map averaged across subjects showing regions responding significantly less to the repeated stimulus compared with the novel stimulus [contrast rep < nov; basic adaptation effect; q(FDR) = 0.05] The statistical map is superimposed on inflated cortical surfaces of the left and right hemisphere of one subject. Areas shaded in light gray were not covered because of slice positioning (see Materials and Methods). The sulci are coded in darker gray than the gyri. b, The same statistical map now superimposed on flattened cortical surfaces of the left and right hemisphere of the same subject. Major ROIs are circled and numbered. A white circle/number indicates that this region demonstrates significant adaptation effects (ROI-based analysis; p < 0.05) for stimuli that lay on the path of motion (repeated, interpolated) in contrast to stimuli that lay off the path of motion (novel, continuous extrapolated, reverse extrapolated). c, Event-related deconvolved BOLD fMRI responses (GLM parameter estimates averaged across trials and subjects for all voxels in each ROI) reported against time for each of the experimental conditions: orange, repeated; red, interpolated; blue, continuous extrapolated; turquoise, reverse extrapolated; green, novel. The ROI numbers correspond to b. Time point 1 is trial onset. Error bars indicate SEM. POS, Parieto-occipital sulcus; Insula, insular cortex; VLPFC, ventral lateral prefrontal cortex; ant, anterior; post, posterior; inf, inferior; sup, superior.
- Figure 3.
fMRI results for experiment 2. a, Contrast map averaged across subjects (using the cortex-based intersubject alignment approach; see Materials and Methods) showing regions responding significantly less to the repeated stimulus compared with the novel stimulus [contrast rep < nov; basic adaptation effect; q(FDR) = 0.05]. The statistical map is superimposed on inflated cortical surfaces of the left and right hemisphere of one subject. The sulci are coded in darker gray than the gyri. b, The same statistical map now superimposed on flattened cortical surfaces of the left and right hemisphere of the same subject. Major ROIs are circled and numbered. A white circle/number indicates that this region demonstrates significant adaptation effects (ROI-based analysis; p < 0.05) for stimuli that lay on the path of motion (repeated, interpolated) in contrast to stimuli that lay off the path of motion (novel, continuous extrapolated, reverse extrapolated). c, Event-related deconvolved BOLD fMRI responses (GLM parameter estimates, averaged across trials and subjects for all voxels in each ROI) reported against time for each of the experimental conditions and BOLD fMRI responses (GLM parameter estimates averaged across peak points 5–7 s after trial onset and trials and subjects for all voxels in each ROI) for each of the experimental conditions: orange, repeated; red, interpolated; blue, continuous extrapolated; turquoise, reverse extrapolated; green, novel. The ROI numbers correspond to b. Time point 1 is trial onset. Error bars indicate SEM. postCS, Postcentral sulcus; SPFC, superior prefrontal cortex.
- Figure 4.
Comparison of fMRI results for experiments 2 and 3. a, Contrast maps averaged across subjects (using the cortex-based intersubject alignment approach; see Materials and Methods) for the object task (DMT; orange) and the center task (ACT; purple) showing regions responding significantly less [q(FDR) < 0.05] to the repeated stimulus compared with the novel stimulus (contrast rep < nov). The statistical maps are superimposed on inflated cortical surfaces of the left and right hemisphere of one subject. The sulci are coded in darker gray than the gyri. b, The same contrast maps as in a on a lower threshold [p < 0.05, uncorrected (uncorr.)]. Overlapping regions are marked with white lines and are numbered. c, Event-related deconvolved BOLD fMRI responses (GLM parameter estimates, averaged across trials and subjects for all voxels in each ROI) reported against time for each of the experimental conditions: orange, repeated; red, interpolated; blue, continuous extrapolated (cont. extrapolated); turquoise, reverse extrapolated (rev. extrapolated); green, novel. Always, two MR-signal time courses refer to the same ROI in the two different experiments. Time point 1 is trial onset. Error bars indicate SEM.
- Figure 5.
fMRI results for experiment 4. a, Contrast map averaged across subjects showing regions responding significantly less to the repeated stimulus compared with the novel stimulus [contrast rep < nov; basic adaptation effect; p < 0.05, corrected (corr.)]. The statistical map is superimposed on a sagittal and a coronal slice of one subject. L, Left; R, right. b, Event-related deconvolved BOLD fMRI responses (GLM parameter estimates, averaged across trials and subjects for all voxels in each ROI) reported against time for each of the experimental conditions and BOLD fMRI responses (GLM parameter estimates averaged across peak points 5–7 s after trial onset and trials and subjects for all voxels in each ROI) for each of the experimental conditions: orange, repeated; red, interpolated; blue, continuous extrapolated (cont. extrap.); turquoise, reverse extrapolated (rev. extrap.); green, novel. The ROI numbers correspond to a. Time point 1 is trial onset. Error bars indicate SEM.
Tables
No. ROI int < nov int < conex int < revex Talairach coordinates p t p t p t x y z Left hemisphere 1 LOC 0.00* 3.56 0.01* 2.79 0.02* 2.35 −42 −56 −13 2 IOG 0.02* 2.49 0.13 1.51 0.12 1.58 −43 −62 −3 3 LOS 0.02* 2.52 0.01* 2.59 0.01* 2.56 −35 −76 5 4 LOS/TOS 0.05* 2.04 0.02* 2.52 0.01* 2.88 −30 −84 11 5 TOS 0.00* 3.66 0.02* 2.55 0.00* 3.64 −30 −70 17 6 POS 0.01 1.66 0.25 1.17 0.08 1.75 −20 −72 19 7 Insula inferior 0.00* 6.48 0.30 1.03 0.00* 3.98 −28 15 7 8 Insula superior 0.00* 4.97 0.98 0.02 0.00* 4.08 −36 11 12 Right hemisphere 9 LOC, anterior 0.00* 4.28 0.02* 2.36 0.00* 3.76 44 −49 −12 10 LOC, posterior 0.06 1.92 0.03* 2.29 0.02* 2.37 45 −61 −9 11 IOG, posterior 0.23 1.21 0.41 0.83 0.17 1.36 45 −68 −1 12 IOG, anterior 0.02* 2.43 0.01* 2.58 0.01* 2.80 38 −59 10 13 LOS/TOS 0.01* 2.72 0.04* 2.09 0.03* 2.31 38 −74 15 14 POS 0.43 0.80 0.42 0.82 0.13 1.52 25 −64 21 15 Insula inferior 0.00* 7.62 0.02* 2.42 0.00* 6.12 31 14 7 16 Insula superior 0.00* 4.06 0.22 1.23 0.00* 4.50 41 16 10 17 VLPFC 0.00* 4.51 0.07 1.82 0.02* 2.37 43 42 6 -
Data are statistical values for experiment 1 for different pairwise comparisons that were computed on predefined ROIs (ROI defining contrast rep < nov) and Talairach coordinates of the center of the ROI. Talairach conventions are as follows: x, left to right; y, back to front; z, bottom to top.
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↵*p < 0.05. See also Figure 2, supplemental Figure 1 (available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material), and Results, Experiment 1. No., Number; POS, parieto-occipital sulcus; VLPFC, ventral lateral prefrontal cortex.
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No. ROI int < nov int < conex int < revex p t p t p t Left hemisphere 1 LOS 0.04* 2.11 0.06 1.92 0.02* 2.50 2 TOS 0.00* 4.73 0.01* 2.81 0.00* 4.86 Right hemisphere 3 pFG 0.01* 2.96 0.03* 2.17 0.01* 2.94 4 LOC 0.01* 2.86 0.01* 3.14 0.01* 3.18 5 LOS/TOS 0.00* 4.63 0.01* 2.88 0.00* 4.35 6 SPC 0.01* 3.20 0.01* 2.56 0.04* 2.12 7 postCS 0.01* 3.11 0.01* 2.75 0.12 1.56 8 SPFC 0.19 1.32 0.39 0.87 0.03 2.30 ROI Task int < nov int < conex int < revex p t p t p t Left hemisphere 1 DMT 0.10 1.67 0.05* 1.98 0.01* 2.70 ACT 0.62 0.49 0.86 −0.18 0.27 −1.10 2 DMT 0.01* 3.26 0.02* 2.44 0.00* 4.02 ACT 0.51 0.65 0.94 0.08 0.09 −1.74 Right hemisphere 3 DMT 0.01* 2.71 0.15 1.47 0.11 1.63 ACT 0.06 1.94 0.40 −0.84 0.30 −1.04 4 DMT 0.01* 3.25 0.01* 2.60 0.07 1.86 ACT 0.26 1.14 0.13 −1.51 0.01 −2.96 -
Data are statistical values for a comparison between experiment 2 (DMT) and experiment 3 (ACT) for different pairwise comparisons that were computed on predefined ROIs (overlapping regions as shown in Fig. 4).
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↵*p < 0.05. See also supplemental Figure 2 (available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material) and Results, Experiment 3.
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Supplemental Data
Files in this Data Supplement:
- supplemental material - Table 1
- supplemental material - Table 2
- supplemental material - Supplementary Figure 1. fMRI results for Experiment 1 � bar plots. BOLD fMRI responses (= GLM parameter estimates, averaged across peak points 5, 6, and 7 s after trial onset and trials and subjects for all voxels in each ROI) for each of the experimental conditions: repeated orange, interpolated red, continuous extrapolated blue, reverse extrapolated turquoise, and novel green. The ROI-numbers correspond to Figure 2b. Error bars correspond to standard errors of the mean. Abbreviations: LOC, lateral occipital complex; IOG, inferior occipital gyrus; LOS, lateral occipital sulcus; TOS, transverse occipital sulcus; POS, parieto-occipital sulcus; Insula, insular cortex; VLPFC, ventral lateral prefrontal cortex; ant/post/inf/sup refer to anterior/posterior/inferior/superior.
- supplemental material - Supplementary Figure 2. Comparison of fMRI results for Experiments 2 and 3 � bar plots. BOLD fMRI responses (= GLM parameter estimates, averaged across peak points 5, 6, and 7 s after trial onset and trials and subjects for all voxels in each ROI) for each of the experimental conditions: repeated orange, interpolated red, continuous extrapolated blue, reverse extrapolated turquoise, and novel green. The ROI-numbers are corresponding to Figure 4b. Error bars correspond to standard errors of the mean. Always two bar plots refer to the same ROI in the two different experiments.
- supplemental material - Supplementary Figure 3. 2-D fixation-density plots Two-dimensional fixation-density plots are shown for each participant and each condition. X- and Y-axes refer to horizontal and vertical eye position in degrees of visual angle (0/0 being the center of the screen). The Z-axis displays the amount of time spent in this position in seconds.
- supplemental material - Supplementary Figure 4. fMRI results for the three subjects of the eye tracking experiment (a) Contrast map averaged across subjects showing two regions responding significantly less to the repeated stimulus in comparison to the novel stimulus (contrast rep < nov) and at the same time (conjunction analysis) responding less to the interpolated stimulus in comparison to the extrapolated stimuli (balanced contrast int < conex and revex) at p < .045, uncorrected). The statistical map is superimposed on two coronal slices (y = -73 and y = -82) of one subject to demonstrate the activated regions in parietal cortex. (b) Event-related deconvolved BOLD fMRI responses (= parameter estimates, averaged across trials and subjects for all voxels in each ROI) reported against time for each of the experimental conditions: repeated orange, interpolated red, continuous extrapolated blue, reverse extrapolated turquoise, and novel green. The ROI-numbers are corresponding to (a). Time point 1 = trial onset. Error bars correspond to standard errors of the mean. Abbreviations: TOS, transverse occipital sulcus; SPC, superior parietal cortex.
