Determining the Neural Substrates of Goal-Directed Learning in the Human Brain

Vivian V. Valentin; Anthony Dickinson; John P. O'Doherty

doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0564-07.2007

Article Information

DOI

https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0564-07.2007

PubMed

17428979

Published By

Society for Neuroscience

History

Received November 21, 2006
Revision received March 5, 2007
Accepted March 6, 2007
First published April 11, 2007.

Version of record published April 11, 2007.

Author Information

Vivian V. Valentin¹,²,
Anthony Dickinson³, and
John P. O'Doherty¹,²

¹Division of Humanities and Social Sciences and
²Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and
³Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom

Correspondence should be addressed to John P. O'Doherty, Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Mail Code 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125. jdoherty{at}hss.caltech.edu

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Author contributions

Disclosures

Received November 21, 2006.
Revision received March 5, 2007.
Accepted March 6, 2007.

This work was supported by grants from the Gimbel Discovery fund for Neuroscience and National Institute of Mental Health Grant R03MH075763 to J.O.D. We thank Steve Flaherty and Mike Tyszka for technical assistance and advice.
Correspondence should be addressed to John P. O'Doherty, Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Mail Code 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125. jdoherty{at}hss.caltech.edu

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	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Apr 2007	775	157	428
May 2007	126	96	119
Jun 2007	74	46	62
Jul 2007	45	39	55
Aug 2007	36	28	32
Sep 2007	43	31	32
Oct 2007	52	62	52
Nov 2007	38	46	44
Dec 2007	20	35	33
Total 2007	1209	540	857
Jan 2008	33	38	41
Feb 2008	29	40	41
Mar 2008	43	44	43
Apr 2008	27	22	37
May 2008	29	27	38
Jun 2008	28	37	47
Jul 2008	21	27	43
Aug 2008	35	28	26
Sep 2008	24	25	20
Oct 2008	45	29	39
Nov 2008	26	41	37
Dec 2008	25	31	43
Total 2008	365	389	455
Jan 2009	25	42	24
Feb 2009	22	24	32
Mar 2009	35	33	45
Apr 2009	24	25	40
May 2009	22	38	31
Jun 2009	17	14	33
Jul 2009	23	11	29
Aug 2009	33	26	31
Sep 2009	24	13	24
Oct 2009	39	49	50
Nov 2009	42	45	33
Dec 2009	24	34	33
Total 2009	330	354	405
Jan 2010	29	79	35
Feb 2010	26	15	26
Mar 2010	30	18	28
Apr 2010	28	24	33
May 2010	32	28	33
Jun 2010	22	25	24
Jul 2010	21	20	30
Aug 2010	21	24	25
Sep 2010	28	17	22
Oct 2010	45	33	60
Nov 2010	49	34	38
Dec 2010	23	32	26
Total 2010	354	349	380
Jan 2011	24	15	14
Feb 2011	32	14	29
Mar 2011	49	29	29
Apr 2011	68	29	34
May 2011	41	24	35
Jun 2011	21	17	19
Jul 2011	32	23	24
Aug 2011	26	23	28
Sep 2011	51	23	33
Oct 2011	54	40	29
Nov 2011	39	30	36
Dec 2011	34	44	28
Total 2011	471	311	338
Jan 2012	37	19	42
Feb 2012	48	17	42
Mar 2012	40	23	33
Apr 2012	43	27	31
May 2012	57	30	54
Jun 2012	29	20	20
Jul 2012	47	13	24
Aug 2012	42	15	22
Sep 2012	28	12	30
Oct 2012	42	14	26
Nov 2012	84	41	56
Dec 2012	59	19	34
Total 2012	556	250	414
Jan 2013	47	26	32
Feb 2013	50	20	19
Mar 2013	73	27	36
Apr 2013	61	46	35
May 2013	55	36	26
Jun 2013	34	5	14
Jul 2013	25	25	19
Aug 2013	36	18	18
Sep 2013	40	26	24
Oct 2013	54	43	32
Nov 2013	58	29	53
Dec 2013	48	27	35
Total 2013	581	328	343
Jan 2014	47	19	39
Feb 2014	41	23	35
Mar 2014	36	27	57
Apr 2014	87	63	54
May 2014	57	46	49
Jun 2014	31	13	38
Jul 2014	53	28	20
Aug 2014	35	22	21
Sep 2014	43	22	17
Oct 2014	62	13	17
Nov 2014	46	33	24
Dec 2014	52	28	27
Total 2014	590	337	398
Jan 2015	37	37	20
Feb 2015	25	14	18
Mar 2015	45	35	22
Apr 2015	26	24	17
May 2015	39	23	20
Jun 2015	29	31	19
Jul 2015	41	27	18
Aug 2015	32	26	27
Sep 2015	52	24	20
Oct 2015	47	32	33
Nov 2015	61	21	35
Dec 2015	38	17	14
Total 2015	472	311	263
Jan 2016	56	49	27
Feb 2016	32	32	18
Mar 2016	29	37	24
Apr 2016	21	40	23
May 2016	21	32	14
Jun 2016	23	16	14
Jul 2016	29	23	5
Aug 2016	23	20	10
Sep 2016	17	9	18
Oct 2016	10	24	9
Nov 2016	8	33	14
Dec 2016	0	38	11
Total 2016	269	353	187
Jan 2017	11	230	13
Feb 2017	16	40	28
Mar 2017	28	60	21
Apr 2017	25	46	36
May 2017	16	90	13
Jun 2017	14	41	14
Jul 2017	16	51	24
Aug 2017	15	43	11
Sep 2017	12	35	10
Oct 2017	21	72	32
Nov 2017	13	104	22
Dec 2017	20	40	18
Total 2017	207	852	242
Jan 2018	20	38	23
Feb 2018	38	51	21
Mar 2018	31	64	27
Apr 2018	34	56	27
May 2018	32	61	29
Jun 2018	21	68	23
Jul 2018	22	31	31
Aug 2018	17	36	35
Sep 2018	15	41	16
Oct 2018	19	51	23
Nov 2018	13	65	40
Dec 2018	11	51	23
Total 2018	273	613	318
Jan 2019	21	54	8
Feb 2019	19	49	26
Mar 2019	20	63	45
Apr 2019	20	60	41
May 2019	26	69	58
Jun 2019	10	30	13
Jul 2019	19	85	27
Aug 2019	7	137	19
Sep 2019	10	156	16
Oct 2019	28	247	42
Nov 2019	21	78	31
Dec 2019	14	31	17
Total 2019	215	1059	343
Jan 2020	13	50	31
Feb 2020	14	78	32
Mar 2020	11	46	25
Apr 2020	11	75	28
May 2020	19	44	42
Jun 2020	15	20	29
Jul 2020	9	27	21
Aug 2020	10	43	20
Sep 2020	19	70	33
Oct 2020	17	86	50
Nov 2020	39	60	42
Dec 2020	23	55	39
Total 2020	200	654	392
Jan 2021	23	72	41
Feb 2021	15	55	32
Mar 2021	24	49	36
Apr 2021	21	66	40
May 2021	39	91	59
Jun 2021	16	72	29
Jul 2021	4	39	48
Aug 2021	16	53	16
Sep 2021	16	43	18
Oct 2021	17	71	49
Nov 2021	14	64	53
Total 2021	205	675	421
Total	6297	7375	5756