Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Schematic of behavioral paradigms. Each panel denotes a successive display on a computer monitor. Subjects received a reward on trials in which they made a target-directed saccade (red arrows), and reward was withheld for distractor-directed saccades (green arrows). Open circles are not actually presented on the computer monitor but denote possible locations of targets and distractors. expt. 2, Experiment 2.
- Figure 2.
Eye traces for an individual subject during one block of trials. The left (downward deflections) target had a relative expected value of 0.21 (reward magnitude, 0.7; probability, 0.1), and the right (upward deflections) target had a relative expected value of 0.79 (reward magnitude, 0.3; probability, 0.9). The times of target and distractor presentation are denoted by red and green vertical lines, respectively. Target-directed correct saccades and distractor-directed oculomotor captures are denoted by red and green eye traces, respectively. The shaded red and green windows represent the time during which saccade initiation must have occurred to be classified as a correct saccade or an oculomotor capture, respectively.
- Figure 3.
Influence of top-down factors on SRT. A–D, Mean SRT data for 10 subjects plotted as a function of relative expected value (A), relative reward probability (B), relative reward magnitude (C), and motivation across the 15 blocks of trials (D). Each data point represents a combination of a certain reward probability (square, 0.1; circle, 0.5; triangle, 0.9) and reward magnitude (blue, 0.1; black, 0.3; red, 0.5; green, 0.7; cyan, 0.9). The black lines represent the least-squares linear regression. The asterisks denote a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05).
- Figure 4.
Influence of top-down factors on oculomotor captures. A–D, Mean proportion of oculomotor captures for 10 subjects plotted as a function of relative expected value (A), relative reward probability (B), relative reward magnitude (C), and motivation across the 15 blocks of trials (D). The format used is the same as in Figure 3. A–C, Oculomotor captures are segregated into those directed to either the left/right (filled symbols) or up/down (open symbols) distractors. The least-squares regressions (black lines) are fit to the left/right distractor data and not the up/down data. D, Oculomotor captures to all four distractor locations are collapsed together.
- Figure 5.
Cumulative distributions of correlation coefficients for top-down factors and behavioral measures. Each data point represents the correlation coefficient from one subject calculated in the same manner as in Figures 3 and 4. Blue, Relative reward probability; green, relative reward magnitude; red, relative expected value; black, motivation; filled circles, significant correlation (p < 0.05).
- Figure 6.
Comparison of oculomotor captures and SRT correlations on a subject-by-subject basis. Each data point represents the correlation coefficient from one subject (Table 2) for oculomotor captures compared with the correlation coefficient for SRT plotted for each top-down factor. A, Relative expected value. B, Relative reward probability. C, Relative reward magnitude. D, Motivation.
- Figure 7.
Influence of top-down factors on saccadic selections during dual-target trials. A–C, Mean proportion of saccadic selections for 10 subjects plotted as a function of relative expected value (A), relative reward probability (B), and relative reward magnitude (C). D, Comparison of SRTs for dual-target trials (open symbols) and control trials (filled symbols). The format used is the same as in Figures 3 and 4.
- Figure 8.
Spatial allocation of saccadic preparation based on relative expected value of options. A, Three-dimensional contour maps showing the proportion of oculomotor captures made at each distractor location. Each white dot represents a possible distractor location, and the red dots indicate possible target locations for reference. Note that distractors can be presented at the location of targets as well. B, Proportion of oculomotor captures directed toward distractors as a function of their distance from the target in the same hemifield. Each color represents one of the five different relative expected value conditions in experiment 2. Red, 0.99; green, 0.79; black, 0.50; yellow, 0.21; blue, 0.01.
Tables
Relative expected value Relative reward probability Relative reward magnitude 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.21 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.79 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.95 0.9 0.7 0.99 0.9 0.9 -
Experiment 1: all rows. Experiment 2: bold rows.
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- Table 2.
Correlation coefficients between top-down factors and behavior for individual subjects in experiment 1
Subject Relative reward probability Relative reward magnitude Relative expected value Motivation Control trials: SRT 1 −0.71 −0.46 −0.81 −0.58 2 −0.50 −0.79 −0.85 −0.50 3 −0.77 −0.52 −0.86 −0.43 4 −0.78 −0.33 −0.81 −0.62 5 −0.49 −0.65 −0.76 −0.64 6 −0.01 −0.49 −0.28 −0.04 7 −0.67 −0.58 −0.90 −0.52 8 −0.68 −0.33 −0.74 −0.45 9 −0.82 −0.49 −0.95 −0.62 10 −0.43 −0.54 −0.62 0.36 Distractor trials: proportion of oculomotor captures 1 0.76 0.31 0.75 0.22 2 0.53 0.53 0.75 0.05 3 0.78 0.35 0.79 −0.17 4 0.70 0.21 0.73 0.28 5 0.49 0.31 0.61 0.25 6 0.30 0.11 0.28 0.20 7 0.66 0.65 0.90 0.40 8 0.72 0.13 0.65 0.21 9 0.81 0.50 0.91 0.71 10 0.59 0.36 0.68 −0.18 Dual-target trials: percentage of selections 1 0.23 0.90 0.73 2 0.18 0.92 0.71 3 0.19 0.90 0.68 4 0.74 0.59 0.97 5 0.11 0.94 0.65 6 0.43 0.78 0.78 7 0.44 0.81 0.89 8 0.48 0.78 0.79 9 0.48 0.81 0.91 10 0.31 0.80 0.72 -
Bold type indicates significance at p < 0.05 (Pearson correlation).
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