Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
The offspring of mice given injections of recombinant IL-6 exhibit abnormal behaviors. a, Offspring of mice given injections of IL-6 but not IFNγ have a PPI deficit at a prepulse intensity of 85 dB (F(2,79) = 4.369; p < 0.05). *p < 0.05 versus control. b, PE offspring of control mice show normal LI compared with NPE animals, as do PE offspring of IFNγ-injected mothers. Offspring of IL-6-injected mothers, in contrast, do not demonstrate significant LI (F(3,103) = 10.22; p < 0.0001). *p < 0.05 versus NPE; **p < 0.001 versus NPE.
- Figure 2.
Abnormal behavior in MIA offspring is prevented by maternal treatment with anti-IL-6 antibody. a, Offspring of mice treated with poly(I:C) lack LI. Coinjection of anti-IL-6 with poly(I:C) restores significant LI, whereas coinjection of anti-IFNγ does not (F(4,132) = 7.566; p < 0.0001). **p < 0.001 versus NPE; *p < 0.01 versus NPE. b, Compared with controls, the offspring of mice treated with poly(I:C) show a PPI deficit at a prepulse level of 85 dB. Coinjection with anti-IL-6 prevents this deficit. The PPI of offspring of mice given coinjections of poly(I:C) and anti-IFNγ or anti-IL-1β are not significantly different from control or poly(I:C) (F(4,270) = 4.195; p < 0.005). *p < 0.001 versus control; #p < 0.05 versus poly(I:C). c, d, In the open-field test, offspring of mice treated with poly(I:C) make fewer entries than controls into the center (c) and travel less total distance (d). Offspring of mice given coinjections of anti-IL-6 enter the center as often as control mice [F(3,123) = 3.703; p < 0.05; *p < 0.05 vs control; #p < 0.05 vs poly(I:C)] and move a similar total distance [F(3,123) = 6.666; p < 0.0005; *p < 0.01 vs control; #p < 0.001 vs poly(I:C)]. Offspring of mice given coinjections of poly(I:C) and anti-IFNγ are not significantly different from controls or poly(I:C). e, Tracks recorded during the open-field session demonstrate increased thigmotaxis in offspring of poly(I:C)-treated mice compared with offspring of mice given coinjections of an IL-6 antibody. f, In the social interaction test, control mice show a strong preference for the social chamber [defined as (percentage of time in social chamber) − (percentage of time in opposite chamber)], whereas the offspring of poly(I:C)-treated mice show no such preference. Again, the deficit is corrected by maternal administration of IL-6 antibody (F(3,50) = 4.244; p < 0.01). *p < 0.05 versus control; #p < 0.05 versus poly(I:C).
- Figure 3.
Unsupervised clustering of microarray data show anti-IL-6 treatment rescues transcriptome changes in MIA offspring. Sixty-one genes show significant (p < 0.01) expression differences between the adult offspring of poly(I:C)-treated and saline-injected mice. Two-dimensional, unsupervised clustering of these genes (x-axis genes, y-axis samples) reveals control (Sal; blue bars), poly(I:C) (pIC; red bars), and poly(I:C) plus anti-IL-6 (pIC+aIL6; purple bars) animals cluster according to treatment, with only one pIC+aIL6 outlier. Significantly, the pIC+aIL6 animals cluster with saline-injected controls, rather than with pIC offspring. Each column represents expression values from a single animal. Genes are annotated by Affymetrix probe set/Unigene identifiers. Color intensity represents the magnitude of the gene expression change compared with the overall average intensity (green, decreased; red, increased; black, unchanged).
Additional Files
Supplemental Data
Files in this Data Supplement:
- supplemental material - Supplemental Material
- supplemental material - Supplemental Figure 1
- supplemental material - Supplemental Figure 2
