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Featured ArticleFeatured ArticleArticles, Development/Plasticity/Repair

Regional Gray Matter Growth, Sexual Dimorphism, and Cerebral Asymmetry in the Neonatal Brain

John H. Gilmore, Weili Lin, Marcel W. Prastawa, Christopher B. Looney, Y. Sampath K. Vetsa, Rebecca C. Knickmeyer, Dianne D. Evans, J. Keith Smith, Robert M. Hamer, Jeffrey A. Lieberman and Guido Gerig
Journal of Neuroscience 7 February 2007, 27 (6) 1255-1260; https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3339-06.2007
John H. Gilmore
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Weili Lin
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Marcel W. Prastawa
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Christopher B. Looney
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Y. Sampath K. Vetsa
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Rebecca C. Knickmeyer
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Dianne D. Evans
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J. Keith Smith
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Robert M. Hamer
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Jeffrey A. Lieberman
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Guido Gerig
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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    A–C , T1-weighted ( A ) and T2-weighted ( B ) images are automatically segmented ( C ) into CSF (blue), gray matter (yellow), unmyelinated white matter (green), and myelinated white matter (purple). D , Template of the neonatal brain for automatic parcellation into 16 cortical regions (left and right, superior and inferior, prefrontal, frontal, and parietal and occipital regions, respectively), right and left subcortical regions, brainstem, and cerebellum.

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    Figure 2.

    Tissue-specific growth rates in whole brain (n = 74). There is a significant overall difference in slopes (inhomogeneity of slopes: F (3,288) = 16.6; p < 0.0001). There are significant differences in growth rates between gray matter (GM) and unmyelinated white matter (umWM) (F (1,288) = 28.0; p < 0.0001) and between GM and myelinated white matter (mWM) (F (1,288) = 44.9; p < 0.0001).

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    Figure 3.

    Regional growth of cortical gray matter (n = 74). There is a significant overall regional difference in slopes (inhomogeneity of slopes: F (3,288) = 8.6; p < 0.0001). There were significant differences between occipital and prefrontal (F (1,288) = 18.9; p < 0.0001), occipital and frontal (F (1,288) = 5.8; p = 0.0166), and parietal and prefrontal (F (1,288) = 17.9; p < 0.0001) matter growth rates.

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    Figure 4.

    Regional growth of cortical unmyelinated white matter (n = 74). There was not a significant regional difference in slopes for unmyelinated white matter (inhomogeneity of slopes: F (3,288) = 1.5; p = 0.2180).

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    Table 1.

    Sexual dimorphism

    Male, mean (SD) Female, mean (SD) Difference, M > F (%) p value p value, ICV controlled a
    Birth weight (g)3587.7 (465.5)3278.7 (407.7)9.420.0036NA
    ICV (mm3)525,524 (58,637)487,378 (41,848)7.830.0023NA
    Hem GM (mm3)218,212 (28,693)197,945 (197,944)10.240.00120.2734
    Hem umWM (m3)163,987 (18,420)154,146 (15,745)6.380.01690.8365
    Subcort GM (mm3)24,390 (4229)22,628 (2823)7.790.04230.5868
    Lat ventricle (mm3)2927 (2054)2771 (3944)5.670.82770.3553
    Cerebellum (mm3)28,227 (4050)26,893 (3156)4.960.12350.6712
    • Hem, Hemispheric; Subcort, subcortical; GM, gray matter; umWM, unmyelinated white matter; Lat; lateral; M, male; F, female; NA, not applicable.

    • ↵ aPaired t test.

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    Table 2.

    Cerebral asymmetry

    Left, mean (SD) Right, mean (SD) Difference, L > R (%) p value a
    Total hemisphere (mm3)237,395 (26,573)227,623 (25,826)4.29<0.0001
    Hem GM (mm3)106,833 (14,213)102,067 (13,689)4.67<0.0001
    Hem umWM (mm3)80,225 (9092)79,240 (8988)1.240.0065
    Subcort GM (mm3)12,180 (1919)11,401 (1860)6.83<0.0001
    Lat ventricle (mm3)1655 (2134)1200 (1011)37.910.0054
    • Hem, Hemispheric; Subcort, subcortical; GM, gray matter; umWM, unmyelinated white matter; Lat, lateral; L, left; R, right.

    • ↵ aPaired t test.

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    Table 3.

    Fronto-occipital asymmetry (torque)

    Left, mean (SD) Right, mean (SD) Difference, L > R (%) p value
    Prefrontal (mm3)
        All29,001 (3710)28,736 (2823)0.920.0603
        Male29,697 (3668)29,713 (3706)−0.05 a
        Female28,183 (3642)27,586 (3686)2.16 a
    Occipital (mm3)
        All63,407 (8177)57,048 (7642)10.45<0.0001
        Male65,682 (8501)60,341 (7788)8.85 b
        Female60,730 (6989)53,956 (58899)12.55 b
    • ↵ aGender difference in prefrontal asymmetry (t (72) = 2.2; p = 0.0272).

    • ↵ bGender difference in occipital asymmetry (t (72) = −2.3; p = 0.0243).

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The Journal of Neuroscience: 27 (6)
Journal of Neuroscience
Vol. 27, Issue 6
7 Feb 2007
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Regional Gray Matter Growth, Sexual Dimorphism, and Cerebral Asymmetry in the Neonatal Brain
John H. Gilmore, Weili Lin, Marcel W. Prastawa, Christopher B. Looney, Y. Sampath K. Vetsa, Rebecca C. Knickmeyer, Dianne D. Evans, J. Keith Smith, Robert M. Hamer, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, Guido Gerig
Journal of Neuroscience 7 February 2007, 27 (6) 1255-1260; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3339-06.2007

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Regional Gray Matter Growth, Sexual Dimorphism, and Cerebral Asymmetry in the Neonatal Brain
John H. Gilmore, Weili Lin, Marcel W. Prastawa, Christopher B. Looney, Y. Sampath K. Vetsa, Rebecca C. Knickmeyer, Dianne D. Evans, J. Keith Smith, Robert M. Hamer, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, Guido Gerig
Journal of Neuroscience 7 February 2007, 27 (6) 1255-1260; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3339-06.2007
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