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Featured ArticleArticles, Development/Plasticity/Repair

Musical Training Shapes Structural Brain Development

Krista L. Hyde, Jason Lerch, Andrea Norton, Marie Forgeard, Ellen Winner, Alan C. Evans and Gottfried Schlaug
Journal of Neuroscience 11 March 2009, 29 (10) 3019-3025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5118-08.2009
Krista L. Hyde
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Jason Lerch
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Andrea Norton
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Marie Forgeard
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Ellen Winner
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Alan C. Evans
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Gottfried Schlaug
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    Figure 1.

    Longitudinal group brain deformation differences and brain–behavioral correlations in primary motor area. The brain image (a horizontal slice) shows areas of significant difference in relative voxel size over 15 months in instrumental (n = 15) versus control (n = 16) children in terms of a t-statistical color map of the significant clusters superimposed on an average MR image of all children (n = 31). The yellow arrow points to the primary motor area (right precentral gyrus). To illustrate the group differences, the relative voxel size (expressed as the mean by the horizontal dark black line, 25% and 75% quartiles by the top and bottom lines of the box, SDs by the errors bars, and outliers by circles) is plotted for each group at the most significant (peak) voxel in the right precentral gyrus (x = 40, y = −7, z = 57; t = 4.2, p < 0.05 at whole-brain cluster threshold) ( a ). A voxel with a relative voxel size of 1 indicates no brain deformation change from time 1, values >1 indicate voxel expansion, and values <1 indicate voxel contraction. For example, a value of 1.1 at voxel X indicates a 10% expansion from time 1, whereas 0.9 indicates a 10% contraction (this also applies to Figs. 2, 3). The significant positive correlation of relative voxel size with behavioral difference scores (from time 1 to time 2) of each child on the left-hand motor test that was found at the peak voxel in the right precentral gyrus is shown in b .

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    Figure 2.

    Longitudinal group brain deformation differences and brain–behavioral correlations in the corpus callosum. The brain image (a sagittal slice) shows areas of significant difference in relative voxel size over 15 months in instrumental (n = 15) versus control (n = 16) children in terms of a t-statistical color map of the significant clusters superimposed on an average MR image of all children (n = 31). The yellow arrow points to the corpus callosum. To illustrate the group differences, the relative voxel size is plotted for each group at the most significant (peak) voxel in the corpus callosum (x = 14, y = −24, z = 30; t = 5.2, p < 0.05 at whole-brain cluster threshold) ( a ). The significant positive correlation of relative voxel size with behavioral difference scores (from time 1 to time 2) of each child is shown for the left-hand motor test at the peak voxel in the corpus callosum ( b ).

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    Figure 3.

    Longitudinal group brain deformation differences and brain–behavioral correlations in right primary auditory area. The brain image (a horizontal slice) shows areas of significant difference in relative voxel size over 15 months in instrumental (n = 15) versus control (n = 16) children in terms of a t-statistical color map of the significant clusters superimposed on an average MR image of all children (n = 31). The yellow arrow points to the right primary auditory region (lateral aspect of Heschl's gyrus). To illustrate the group differences, the relative voxel size is plotted for each group at the most significant (peak) voxel in the right primary auditory region (x = 55, y = −8, z = 10; t = 4.9, p < 0.1 at a priori cluster threshold) ( a ). The significant positive correlations of relative voxel size with behavioral difference scores (from time 1 to time 2) of each child is shown for the melody/rhythm test at the peak voxel in the right primary auditory area ( b ).

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    Table 1.

    Subject characteristics

    CharacteristicsInstrumentals (n = 15)Controls (n = 16)
    Age at start of study (SD)6.32 (0.82) years5.90 (0.54) years
    Time from MRI scan 1 to scan 2 (SD)15.60 (3.30) months14.80 (3.80) months
    Socioeconomic standard* 5.10 (0.60)4.60 (0.80)
    Gender9 females; 6 males7 females; 9 males
    • ↵*Socioeconomic standard was defined on a six-point scale, with a score of 1, reflecting that the children's parents had some high school education, to a score of 6, reflecting that parents had a doctoral degree (Norton et al., 2005).

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    Table 2.

    Significant between-group longitudinal brain deformation differences

    Brain areaNumber of voxels in clusterRFT cluster p valueBrodmann area
    Relative voxel size increases
        Corpus callosum47440.0000
        Left middle frontal gyrus31450.00016
        Left superior frontal gyrus21770.00118
        Right middle frontal gyrus21520.001210
        Left pericingulate20940.001431
        Right superior frontal gyrus15750.005710
        Left superior frontal gyrus13940.00979
        Right primary motor (precentral gyrus)12500.0152, *0.00146
        Bilateral medial frontal gyrus12170.017010
        Right middle frontal gyrus9400.043411
        Right primary auditory (Heschl's gyrus)2930.5458, *0.071741
    Relative voxel size decreases
        Left middle occipital gyrus10950.002437
    • ↵All results are significant with whole-brain random field theory (RFT) cluster thresholding at p < 0.05, with the exception of results with *, which are significant at an a priori cluster threshold of p < 0.1 for strongly predicted regions.

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The Journal of Neuroscience: 29 (10)
Journal of Neuroscience
Vol. 29, Issue 10
11 Mar 2009
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Musical Training Shapes Structural Brain Development
Krista L. Hyde, Jason Lerch, Andrea Norton, Marie Forgeard, Ellen Winner, Alan C. Evans, Gottfried Schlaug
Journal of Neuroscience 11 March 2009, 29 (10) 3019-3025; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5118-08.2009

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Musical Training Shapes Structural Brain Development
Krista L. Hyde, Jason Lerch, Andrea Norton, Marie Forgeard, Ellen Winner, Alan C. Evans, Gottfried Schlaug
Journal of Neuroscience 11 March 2009, 29 (10) 3019-3025; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5118-08.2009
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