Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Decision-making task and behavioral differences between genotypes. a, The decision-making task used in this study is identical to that described previously (De Martino et al., 2006). Participants were required to choose between playing an all-or-nothing gamble for the amount of money initially presented, with the probability of winning represented by the green (in the figure, dark gray) part of the pie chart (gamble choice, right) or to take a smaller amount of money for sure (sure choice, left). The two choices were balanced in terms of their expected utilities. The sure choice could either be presented in the gain frame or the loss frame, although the economic decision presented was identical. b, Despite awareness of the equivalence between trials presented in the gain and loss frames, participants overwhelmingly chose the gamble option significantly more often in the loss frame than in the gain frame. The bars plotted represent the difference between choices of the gamble option in loss and gain frames, i.e., the magnitude of the frame effect. The frame effect was significantly higher in the ss (dark gray bar) than the lala genotype group (light gray bar). Error bars represent SEM.
- Figure 2.
Difference in amygdala response evoked by decisions made in accord with the frame effect between the genotype groups. a, A significant difference was detected between the two genotype groups in the frame effect contrast in left amygdala [circled in red; Talairach coordinates of peak voxel: (x = −24, y = −4, z = −15)]. Right is on the right of the image, and the color bar represents t values. The image is thresholded at p < 0.005 (uncorrected). b, c, Parameter estimate plots for the peak voxel of the amygdala interaction in the ss (red bars) and lala (blue bars) genotype groups. Participants in the ss genotype group exhibited greater amygdala response during decisions made in accord with, relative to those counter to, the frame effect in both the gain (hatched bars) and the loss (solid bars) frames. Amygdala response did not differ between decisions made in accord with and counter to the frame effect in the lala participants. Error bars represent SEM.
- Figure 3.
Differences between the genotype groups in amygdala–prefrontal coupling as a function of decision making (psychophysiological interaction). a, In the lala participants, coupling between the amygdala and subgenual ACC [circled in red; Talairach coordinates of peak voxel: (x = −3, y = 26, z = −11)], and amygdala and supragenual ACC [circled in green; Talairach coordinates of peak voxel: (x = −3, y = 43, z = 34)], was greater during decisions made counter to the frame effect relative to those made in accord with the frame effect. In the ss participants, there was either no difference in coupling between the two types of decisions or the opposite effect. Similar differences between the genotype groups were detected bilaterally in the OFC and pregenual ACC [not visible on this slice; Talairach coordinates of peak voxels: right OFC (x = 36, y = 37, z = −12); left OFC (x = −30, y = 30, z = −12); pregenual ACC (x = 6, y = 45, z = 3)]. Right is on the right of the image, and the color bar represents t values. The image is thresholded at p < 0.005 (uncorrected). b, Parameter estimate plots for the peak voxel of the supragenual ACC interaction. Supra-genual ACC–amygdala coupling increased during decisions made counter to the frame effect in the lala genotype group but not in the ss genotype group. **p < 0.01. Error bars represent SEM.
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