Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
a, On each trial of the action reprogramming task participants were presented with a centrally displayed white square. Subsequently, two colored flankers (red and green, sides random) appeared on either side of fixation. Four hundred and fifty to six hundred milliseconds after flanker onset, a central colored cue appeared, to which participants responded with the index finger of the hand on the side with the congruent color. Trials were blocked into groups with the same cue color, so that as soon as flankers were presented, participants could anticipate and thus prepare an action based on the cue color presented in the previous trial. The prepared response would, however, be incorrect when the central cue color changed from one trial to the next (switch trials, boxed letters). Correct actions are indicated by “R” (right) and “L” (left). b, The M1 test pulse was applied 75, 125, or 175 ms after the central color cue onset. A pre-SMA conditioning pulse preceded the M1 test pulse by 6 ms on half of the TMS trials.
- Figure 2.
a, In the switch and stay experiments, the test coil (black) was placed over left M1, whereas the conditioning coil (white) was placed over pre-SMA. b, Example of MEPs recorded on a single pulse (black) and a dual pulse (gray) trial. The conditioning pulse can modulate peak-to-peak MEP amplitude. c, Sagittal views of the mean anatomical image indicating pre-SMA (left) and M1 (right) TMS sites. Each circle represents the coil location in one participant.
- Figure 3.
a, Behavioral data in the main switch and stay experiments indicate participants reported faster (top) and more accurate (bottom) on switch compared with stay trials. b, The effect of pre-SMA conditioning pulses on M1 test pulse-elicited MEP amplitudes was specific to behavioral context and SOA. Pre-SMA/M1 functional connectivity significantly increased on switch trials. * indicates significant modulation of MEP amplitudes in dual-pulse compared with respective single-pulse trials. c, Context-specific facilitations of MEP amplitude at a SOA of 125 ms were only present when the conditioning coil was place over pre-SMA and were absent when the conditioning coil was over PMd or M1.
- Figure 4.
Additional results. a, Significant MEP facilitation was seen when switching toward the contralateral hand at 6 and 12 ms interpulse intervals, but no significant effect was seen when switching to the ipsilateral hand. b, A negative correlation was present between the relative facilitation of the contralateral, compared with the ipsilateral, hand and the RT on switch trials. c, Example location of significant correlation between MEP effect size and white matter intensity and scatter plot of individual data within this cluster.
Additional Files
Supplemental Data
Files in this Data Supplement:
- supplemental material - Supplemental Material
