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Articles, Development/Plasticity/Repair

Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Cortical Development through Early Childhood in Autism

Cynthia M. Schumann, Cinnamon S. Bloss, Cynthia Carter Barnes, Graham M. Wideman, Ruth A. Carper, Natacha Akshoomoff, Karen Pierce, Donald Hagler, Nicholas Schork, Catherine Lord and Eric Courchesne
Journal of Neuroscience 24 March 2010, 30 (12) 4419-4427; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5714-09.2010
Cynthia M. Schumann
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Cinnamon S. Bloss
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Cynthia Carter Barnes
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Graham M. Wideman
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Ruth A. Carper
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Natacha Akshoomoff
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Karen Pierce
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Donald Hagler
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Nicholas Schork
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Catherine Lord
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Eric Courchesne
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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    Axial section as shown in GWseg, displaying semimanual local threshold segmentation of cerebrum into cerebral gray matter (GM) and cerebral white matter (WM) (a) and resulting tissue classification used by Freesurfer to determine gray/white surface (b).

  • Figure 2.
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    Figure 2.

    Surface parcellation of cerebral gray (adapted from Desikan et al., 2006).

  • Figure 3.
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    Figure 3.

    Coronal images indicating parcellation boundaries for lobe regions of cerebral gray.

  • Figure 4.
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    Figure 4.

    Total cerebral volume (Vol) growth trajectory for males (○) and females (□). Dotted lines represent each subject's volume measurements; solid lines are autistic disorder (red) and typical control (blue) group quadratic growth regression curves. mo, Months.

  • Figure 5.
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    Figure 5.

    Cerebral gray (left) and white (right) matter volume growth trajectories for males (○) and females (□). Dotted lines represent each subject's volume measurements; solid lines are autistic disorder (red) and typical control (blue) group quadratic growth regression curves.

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    Figure 6.

    Frontal (left) and temporal (right) gray matter volume growth trajectories for males (○) and females (□). Dotted lines represent each subject's volume measurements; solid lines are autistic disorder (red) and typical control (blue) group quadratic growth regression curves.

Tables

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    Table 1.

    Subject and diagnostic data at final clinical visit

    Autistic disorder (n = 41)Typical (n = 44)
    MaleFemaleMaleFemale
    Number of subjects3293212
    Age range at MRI (months)22–6726–5812–6312–61
    Mean age at final clinical visit (months)49 ± 149 ± 1044 ± 346 ± 1
    Full-scale IQ57 ± 1857 ± 23111 ± 16116 ± 15
    Verbal IQ50 ± 1950 ± 29112 ± 17116 ± 15
    Performance IQ63 ± 1962 ± 21107 ± 20115 ± 16
    ADI-R Social18 ± 518 ± 6n/an/a
    ADI-R NV Comm.9 ± 39 ± 3n/an/a
    ADI-R RnR6 ± 25 ± 2n/an/a
    Vineland Social66 ± 964 ± 797 ± 8102 ± 15
    Vineland Comm.66 ± 1162 ± 16108 ± 11105 ± 9
    Vineland ABC63 ± 864 ± 11100 ± 10106 ± 12
    • n/a, Not applicable; NV Comm., nonverbal communication; RnR, restricted and repetitive.

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    Table 2.

    Number of successful scans per subject by diagnostic group and the average number and range of months between scans

    Numberof scansAutisticdisorderTypicalMean number andrange of monthsbetween scansTotal numberof scans
    1151227
    2161417 (7–25)60
    36810 (5–19)42
    4358 (3–19)32
    5049 (5–20)20
    6115 (0–8)12
    Total number of subjects4144193
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    Table 3.

    Cross-sectional volumetric analyses (ANCOVA with gender and age at MRI scan as covariates) at ∼2.5 years of age for combined sample of males and females with autistic disorder compared with typically developing controls

    Autisticdisorder (n = 41)Control(n = 44)Significance(p value)Percentagedifference
    Mean age at MRI (months)32 ± 930 ± 110.182
    Total cerebrum (cm3)984 ± 76920 ± 850.018*7%
    Total white (cm3)307 ± 32277 ± 470.050*10%
    Total gray (cm3)676 ± 59643 ± 540.046*5%
    Frontal gray (cm3)232 ± 24218 ± 190.038*6%
    Temporal gray (cm3)142 ± 14131 ± 130.008**9%
    Cingulate gray (cm3)26 ± 324 ± 30.0978%
    Parietal gray (cm3)165 ± 15160 ± 150.2894%
    Occipital gray (cm3)80 ± 878 ± 90.2253%
    • ↵*p ≤ 0.05;

    • ↵**p ≤ 0.01.

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    Table 4.

    Results of best-fit mixed-effects model analyses in a combined sample of males and females with autistic disorder compared with typically developing controls

    RegionGenderLinear ageDiagnosisDiagnosis × linear ageQuadratic ageDiagnosis × quadratic age
    Total cerebrum0.003a<0.0001a0.2220.546<0.0001a<0.001a
    Total white0.111<0.0001a0.7130.264<0.0001a0.051a
    Total gray0.002a<0.0001a0.1330.8390.002a0.073a
    Frontal gray0.002a<0.0001a0.027a
    Temporal gray0.007a<0.0001a0.008a0.9720.0620.058a
    Cingulate gray0.120<0.0001a0.4640.959<0.0001a0.010a
    Parietal gray0.053<0.0001a0.6470.3520.008a0.027a
    Occipital gray0.001a<0.0001a0.6200.009a
    • Bold indicates a significant difference between autistic disorder and control.

    • ↵aSignificant effect.

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    Table 5.

    Significant differences from best-fit model analyses of males with autistic disorder compared with typically developing controls

    RegionLinear ageDiagnosisDiagnosis × linear ageQuadratic ageDiagnosis × quadratic age
    Total cerebrum<0.0001a0.4300.559<0.0001a0.009a
    Frontal gray<0.0001a0.081a
    Temporal gray<0.0001a0.018a
    Cingulate gray<0.0001a0.9700.760<0.0001a0.030a
    • Bold indicates a significant difference between autistic disorder and control.

    • ↵aSignificant effect.

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    Table 6.

    Significant differences from best-fit model analyses of females with autistic disorder compared with typically developing controls

    RegionLinear ageDiagnosisDiagnosis × linear ageQuadratic ageDiagnosis × quadratic age
    Total cerebrum<0.0001a0.2730.029a<0.0001a0.019a
    Total white<0.0001a0.4800.001a<0.0001a0.002a
    Total gray<0.0001a0.2300.021a0.002a
    Frontal gray<0.0001a0.4000.010a0.007a
    Temporal gray<0.0001a0.069a0.6600.008a0.078a
    Cingulate gray<0.0001a0.052a0.001a
    • Bold indicates a significant difference between autistic disorder and control.

    • ↵aSignificant effect.

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The Journal of Neuroscience: 30 (12)
Journal of Neuroscience
Vol. 30, Issue 12
24 Mar 2010
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Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Cortical Development through Early Childhood in Autism
Cynthia M. Schumann, Cinnamon S. Bloss, Cynthia Carter Barnes, Graham M. Wideman, Ruth A. Carper, Natacha Akshoomoff, Karen Pierce, Donald Hagler, Nicholas Schork, Catherine Lord, Eric Courchesne
Journal of Neuroscience 24 March 2010, 30 (12) 4419-4427; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5714-09.2010

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Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Cortical Development through Early Childhood in Autism
Cynthia M. Schumann, Cinnamon S. Bloss, Cynthia Carter Barnes, Graham M. Wideman, Ruth A. Carper, Natacha Akshoomoff, Karen Pierce, Donald Hagler, Nicholas Schork, Catherine Lord, Eric Courchesne
Journal of Neuroscience 24 March 2010, 30 (12) 4419-4427; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5714-09.2010
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