Cover ArticleArticles, Cellular/Molecular

Ca2+-Dependent Facilitation of Cav1.3 Ca2+ Channels by Densin and Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II

Meagan A. Jenkins, Carl J. Christel, Yuxia Jiao, Sunday Abiria, Kristin Y. Kim, Yuriy M. Usachev, Gerald J. Obermair, Roger J. Colbran and Amy Lee
Journal of Neuroscience 14 April 2010, 30 (15) 5125-5135; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4367-09.2010

Abstract

Cav1 (L-type) channels and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) are key regulators of Ca2+ signaling in neurons. CaMKII directly potentiates the activity of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 channels, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we report that the CaMKII-associated protein densin is required for Ca2+-dependent facilitation of Cav1.3 channels. While neither CaMKII nor densin independently affects Cav1.3 properties in transfected HEK293T cells, the two together augment Cav1.3 Ca2+ currents during repetitive, but not sustained, depolarizing stimuli. Facilitation requires Ca2+, CaMKII activation, and its association with densin, as well as densin binding to the Cav1.3 α1 subunit C-terminal domain. Cav1.3 channels and densin are targeted to dendritic spines in neurons and form a complex with CaMKII in the brain. Our results demonstrate a novel mechanism for Ca2+-dependent facilitation that may intensify postsynaptic Ca2+ signals during high-frequency stimulation.

Introduction

CaMKII is a serine-threonine protein kinase that is activated by postsynaptic elevations in Ca2+ and plays a central role in synaptic plasticity (Hudmon and Schulman, 2002; Lisman et al., 2002; Colbran and Brown, 2004; Griffith, 2004). Cav1 channels mediate L-type Ca2+ currents that can regulate CaMKII activation in dendritic spines (Lee et al., 2009), propagation in dendrites (Rose et al., 2009), and coupling to gene transcription (Wheeler et al., 2008) and synaptic plasticity (Yasuda et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2009). Functional interactions of Cav1 and CaMKII may involve tethering of CaMKII to the Cav1 channel complex. CaMKII binds to and phosphorylates the main Cav1.2 α1 (Hudmon et al., 2005) and auxiliary β subunits (Grueter et al., 2006, 2008). These interactions augment cardiac Cav1.2 currents in a feedback process known as Ca2+-dependent facilitation (CDF) (Dzhura et al., 2000; Wu et al., 2001; Hudmon et al., 2005; Grueter et al., 2006). CaMKII also causes voltage-dependent facilitation (VDF) of Cav1.2 currents in response to strong depolarizations (Lee et al., 2006).

Due to their distinct biophysical properties (Koschak et al., 2001; Scholze et al., 2001; Xu and Lipscombe, 2001; Helton et al., 2005), Cav1.3 and Cav1.2 may play different roles in neurons (Calin-Jageman and Lee, 2008). Cav1.3 channels regulate spontaneous firing of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons (Chan et al., 2007; Puopolo et al., 2007), upstate potentials in striatal medium spiny neurons (Olson et al., 2005), and processes underlying fear conditioning (McKinney and Murphy, 2006) and depression-like behavior (Sinnegger-Brauns et al., 2004). Therefore, Cav1.3 modulation by CaMKII and other factors may have evolved to meet the unique signaling demands of this channel in neurons. Although insulin-like growth factor 1 can potentiate Cav1.3 currents by a mechanism that requires Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and CaMKII activity (Gao et al., 2006b), the role of CaMKII in direct feedback regulation of Cav1.3 channels is unknown.

Here, we describe an unexpected mechanism for Cav1.3 modulation by CaMKII involving the PDZ [postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95)/Discs large/zona occludens-1 (ZO-1)] domain-containing protein densin. Densin is a member of the leucine-rich repeat and PDZ-domain-containing proteins (Bilder et al., 2000) and is localized in the postsynaptic density (Apperson et al., 1996) and binds to and is phosphorylated by CaMKII (Strack et al., 2000; Walikonis et al., 2001). Densin may scaffold other postsynaptic proteins, including Shank (Quitsch et al., 2005), δ-catenin (Izawa et al., 2002), and MAGUIN (Ohtakara et al., 2002), and promotes branching of dendrites in cultured neurons (Quitsch et al., 2005). We showed previously that the related protein erbin enhances voltage-dependent facilitation of Cav1.3 (Calin-Jageman et al., 2007). Like erbin, densin binds to the C terminus (CT) of the Cav1.3 α1 subunit but alone does not affect Cav1.3 properties. When coexpressed with CaMKII, densin facilitates Cav1.3 Ca2+ currents during high-frequency stimulation. Densin and Cav1.3 are targeted to dendritic spines and together associate with CaMKII in the hippocampus. Our results show that densin functionally recruits CaMKII to Cav1.3 channels, which causes frequency-dependent facilitation of Cav1.3 Ca2+ signals that may regulate neuronal excitability.

Materials and Methods

cDNAs.

Cav1.3 channels consisted of rat α11.3 (containing exon 42, GenBank #AF3700010, in pCDNA6 from D. Lipscombe, Brown University, Providence, RI), β1b (GenBank #NM017346), and α2δ (GenBank #M21948). The following cDNAs were described previously: FLAG- and GST-tagged α11.3 constructs (Calin-Jageman et al., 2007); CaMKIIα, CaMKIIαT286A (Brickey et al., 1990; McNeill and Colbran, 1995); GFP-densin and GFP-densin Δ483-1377 (Jiao et al., 2008); His-densin PDZ (Fam et al., 2005); and pβA-eGFP (Obermair et al., 2004). For GFP-densin ΔPDZ, the PDZ domain-encoding region (aa 1452-1542) was deleted by PCR amplification and ligation into BglII and SacII sites of pEGFP (Clontech, BD BioSciences).

For external hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged α11.3, the sequence for the HA tag was cloned into the extracellular loop connecting IIS5-IIS6 according to a similar strategy for α11.2 described previously (Altier et al., 2002). The insertion of the HA tag had no effects on channel properties as assessed by electrophysiological recordings of transfected HEK293T cells (data not shown). To facilitate neuronal expression HA-α11.3 was subcloned into the pβA-PL expression vector (Obermair et al., 2010) in a two-step procedure. First, a HindIII–SalI fragment (3303 bp) containing the 5′ coding sequence of α11.3 was cloned into the corresponding restriction sites of pβA-PL. Second, the BsiWI–SacII fragment (6019 bp) of HA-α11.3 was ligated together with a 25 bp SacII–SpeI linker into the BsiWI and XbaI sites of the intermediate construct, eliminating SpeI and XbaI recognition sequences and yielding pβA-HA-α11.3. The construct was verified by sequencing before use (MWG-Biotech).

Antibodies.

Goat α11.3 antibodies (Calin-Jageman et al., 2007) and goat densin antibodies (Ab650) (Jiao et al., 2008) were characterized previously. Rabbit α11.3 antibodies (Ab144) were raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to α11.3 N-terminal sequence (MQHQRQQQEDHANEANYARGTRKC; Covance Research Products). Characterization of Ab144 specificity is described in supplemental Figure 1, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material. Briefly, by immunofluorescence and Western blot, these antibodies labeled HEK293T cells transfected with Cav1.3 but not untransfected cells (Fig. S1A,B, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). In addition, Ab144 recognized a protein consistent in size with α11.3 in hippocampal lysates of wild-type but not Cav1.3 knock-out mice (provided by Jörg Striessnig, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria) (Fig. S1C, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). Other antibodies used were as follows: mouse monoclonal antibodies against CaMKIIα (Affinity Bioreagents), FLAG (Sigma-Aldrich), and GFP (Santa Cruz Biotechnology); and rabbit polyclonal antibodies against densin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and hexahistidine (anti-His) antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

For immunofluorescence of cultured neurons, the following antibodies were used: rat anti-HA (monoclonal, clone 3F10, Roche Diagnostics, 1:100), mouse anti-PSD-95 (monoclonal, clone 6G6–1C9, Affinity Bioreagents, 1:1000), rabbit polyclonal anti-GFP (1:20,000; Invitrogen), goat anti-rabbit Alexa 488 (1:2000), goat anti-mouse Alexa 594 (1:4000), and goat anti-rat Alexa 594 (Invitrogen, 1:4000).

Cell culture and transfection.

Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) or HEK293 cells transformed with SV40 T-antigen (HEK293T) were maintained in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. Cells were grown to ∼80% confluence and transfected using Gene Porter reagent (Gene Therapy Systems) or Fugene (Roche). For pull-down assays, cells were transfected with GFP-densin (6 μg). For coimmunoprecipitation of GFP-densin and Cav1.3, cells were transfected with cDNAs encoding Cav1.3 [FLAG-α11.3 (6 μg), β1b (2 μg), and α2δ (2 μg)] with or without GFP-densin (4 μg). For coimmunoprecipitation of CaMKII and GFP-densin or Δ483-1377, cells were transfected with GFP-densin (7 μg) or GFP-Δ483-1377 (2 μg) and CaMKIIα (1 μg). For electrophysiology, HEK293T cells were transfected with α11.3 (1.5 μg), β1b (0.5 μg), and α2δ (0.5 μg) with or without GFP-tagged densin (0.5 μg) and/or CaMKII (0.5 μg).

Electrophysiological recordings.

At least 48 h after transfection, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of transfected cells were acquired with a HEKA Elektronik (Lambrecht/Pfalz) EPC-8 or EPC-9 patch-clamp amplifier. Data acquisition and leak subtraction using a P/4 protocol were performed with Pulse software (HEKA Elektronik). Extracellular recording solutions contained the following (in mm): 150 Tris, 1 MgCl2, and 10 CaCl2 or 10 BaCl2. Intracellular solutions contained the following (in mm): 140 N-methyl-d-glucamine, 10 HEPES, 2 MgCl2, 2 Mg-ATP, and 5 EGTA or 10 BAPTA. The pH of the recording solutions was 7.3, adjusted with methanesulfonic acid. Electrode resistances were 3–4 MΩ in the bath solution. Series resistance was compensated up to 80%. Igor Pro software (Wavemetrics) was used for data analysis. Except for Fig. 7B below, data analysis was restricted to Cav1.3 currents with amplitudes of >250 pA. All averaged data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined with either Student's t test or ANOVA with post hoc analyses, as indicated (SigmaPlot; Systat Software).

Binding assays.

GST- and His-tagged fusion proteins were prepared as described previously (Robison et al., 2005; Calin-Jageman et al., 2007). For pull-down assays, GST-α11.3 CT was immobilized on glutathione agarose beads and incubated with lysate from GFP-densin-transfected HEK293T cells in binding buffer [Tris-buffered saline (TBS; 50 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mm NaCl), 0.1% Triton X-100, and protease inhibitors (1 mg/ml each of PMSF, pepstatin, aprotinin, and leupeptin)]. Binding reactions proceeded at 4°C for 90 min. Beads were washed three times with binding buffer (1 ml) at 4°C, and bound proteins were eluted, resolved by SDS-PAGE, and transferred to nitrocellulose. Western blotting was performed with appropriate antibodies followed by HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies and enhanced chemiluminescent detection reagents (GE Healthcare). For overlay assays, GST-α11.3 CT, GST-α11.3 C-terminal leucine to alanine (CTL-A), or GST (1 μg) was run on a 4–20% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and transferred to nitrocellulose. The membrane was blocked in blocking buffer (2% milk, TBS, 0.1% Tween 20) for 30 min (4°C) before incubation with His-tagged densin-PDZ domain (300 nm in blocking buffer) for 1 h at 4°C. Bound protein was detected by Western blotting with anti-His antibodies.

Coimmunoprecipitation assays.

For coimmunoprecipitation from mouse hippocampus, a Triton X-100-soluble fraction (0.5 ml) was prepared as described previously (Abiria and Colbran, 2010) and incubated with 10 μg of either goat IgG or affinity-purified goat antibodies that recognize CaMKII, densin, or α11.3. After 1 h, 10 μl of protein-G Sepharose (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences) was added and the incubation continued for ∼2 h at 4°C. The resin was rinsed three times in 1 ml of solubilization buffer and bound proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with mouse antibodies to CaMKIIα or rabbit antibodies to densin and α11.3 (Ab144).

For coimmunoprecipitation of GFP-densin and α11.3, transfected HEK293T cells were solubilized in lysis buffer (50 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mm NaCl, 1% NP-40, 0.25% sodium deoxycholate, 1 mm EDTA, and protease inhibitors), incubated at 4°C for 30 min, and subjected to centrifugation at 100,000 × g (30 min) to remove insoluble material. The supernatant was incubated with 5 μg α11.3 antibodies and 50 μl of protein A-Sepharose (50% slurry) for 4 h, rotating at 4°C. After three washes with RIPA buffer (1 ml), proteins were eluted with SDS-containing sample buffer and subjected to SDS-PAGE. Coimmunoprecipitated proteins were detected by Western blotting with specific antibodies as indicated.

For coimmunoprecipitation of CaMKII and densin or Δ483-1377, transfected HEK293 cells were lysed on ice with lysis buffer [2 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 0.1 mm PMSF, 1 mm benzamidine, 5 mg/L leupeptin, 20 mg/L soybean trypsin inhibitor]. After sonication (2 × 5 s), lysates were incubated at 4°C for 30 min and then centrifuged for 15 min at 10,000 × g. NaCl was added into the supernatant with the final concentration as 150 mm and equal aliquots of the supernatants were incubated with 10 μg of densin Ab450 or goat IgG, or goat CaMKIIα antibody overnight at 4°C. After addition of GammaBind Plus-Sepharose (30 μl of 50% slurry; GE Healthcare), incubations were continued for 2 h at 4°C. Beads were collected by centrifugation and washed at least five times with 1 ml of wash buffer containing 50 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1% (v/v) Triton X-100, and 150 mm NaCl. Immune complexes were solubilized in SDS-PAGE sample buffer before electrophoresis and Western blotting. Interpretations of results from coimmunoprecipitation and binding assays were based on at least three independent experiments.

Cav1.3 and densin targeting in transfected mouse hippocampal neurons.

Low-density cultures of hippocampal neurons were prepared from 16.5-d-old embryonic BALB/c mice as described previously (Obermair et al., 2004). The following plasmids (1.5 μg total DNA) were transfected into neurons on day 6 using Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent (Invitrogen): GFP-densin (single transfection) and pβA-eGFP and pβA-HA-α11.3 (cotransfection). Cells were immunostained and analyzed 11–14 d after transfection.

For double-immunolabeling (GFP-densin and PSD-95) neurons were fixed with methanol for 10 min at −20°C and rehydrated in PBS at room temperature. Fixed neurons were incubated in 5% normal goat serum in PBS, 0.2% bovine serum albumin, and 0.2% Triton X-100 (PBS/BSA/Triton) for 30 min. Primary antibodies were applied in PBS/BSA/Triton at 4°C overnight and detected by fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies. For staining of surface-expressed HA-α11.3, living neurons were incubated with the rat anti-HA antibody for 30 min at 37°C. Then the cultures were rinsed in Hank's buffered saline, fixed in 4% paraformaldeyde/ 4% sucrose for 10 min, blocked with 5% normal goat serum in PBS/BSA/Triton, and incubated with the secondary antibody for 1 h (Obermair et al., 2010). Coverslips were then washed and mounted in p-phenylene-diamine-glycerol to retard photobleaching. Preparations were analyzed on an AxioImager microscope (Carl Zeiss) using a 63×, 1.4 numerical aperture (NA) objective. Images were recorded with a cooled CCD camera (SPOT; Diagnostic Instruments) and Metavue image processing software (Universal Imaging). Composite images were arranged in Adobe Photoshop 9 (Adobe Systems) and linear adjustments were performed to correct black level and contrast.

Measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i).

HEK293T cells transfected with Cav1.3, densin, and CaMKII were loaded with fura-2 (Invitrogen) via the patch pipette (100 μm), which also contained the intracellular recording solution described for electrophysiological recordings. Cells were placed in a flow-through chamber mounted on the stage of an inverted IX-71 microscope (Olympus). Fluorescence was alternately excited at 340 nm (12 nm bandpass) and 380 nm (12 nm bandpass) using the Polychrome IV monochromator (TILL Photonics) via a 40× oil-immersion objective (NA = 1.35, Olympus). Emitted fluorescence was collected at 510 nm (80 nm bandpass) using an IMAGO CCD camera (TILL Photonics). Pairs of 340/380 nm images were sampled at 10 Hz. Fluorescence was corrected for background, as determined in an area that did not contain a cell. Data were processed using TILLvisION 4.0.1.2 (TILL Photonics) and presented as a fluorescence ratio of F340/F380, where F340 and F380 are fluorescence intensities at the excitation wavelengths 340 and 380 nm, respectively. Averaged data are presented as the mean ± SEM and were statistically compared by t test.

Results

CaMKII does not affect Cav1.3 properties in transfected HEK293T cells

Because of the importance of CaMKII as both regulator and transducer of Cav1 Ca2+ signals (Dzhura et al., 2000; Wheeler et al., 2008), we tested whether CaMKII directly influences Cav1.3 function. For this purpose, we compared channel properties in HEK293T cells transfected with Cav1.3 alone (α11.3, β1b, and α2δ) and those cotransfected with Cav1.3 and CaMKIIα. This isoform of CaMKII was chosen since it is one of the major isoforms of CaMKII in the brain (Colbran and Brown, 2004) and cannot be detected endogenously in HEK293T cells (Fig. 1A). We found that CaMKII had no effect on voltage-dependent activation of Cav1.3 Ba2+ currents (IBa). Parameters describing current–voltage (I–V) curves were not different in cells with Cav1.3 and those with Cav1.3 plus CaMKII (p = 0.32 for k, p = 0.92 for V1/2, by t test) (Fig. 1B). Expression of CaMKII also did not affect mean Cav1.3 current amplitudes (535 ± 78 pA for Cav1.3 alone, n = 18 vs 844 ± 227 pA for plus CaMKII, n = 16; p = 0.18 by t test). While CaMKII enhances VDF of Cav1.2 (Lee et al., 2006), we did not find the same result for Cav1.3. VDF was measured as the ratio of the amplitude of IBa evoked before or after a conditioning prepulse. With this protocol, IBa underwent modest VDF that was not further affected by CaMKII (p = 0.68) (Fig. 1C). We also did not observe any differences in the extent of IBa inactivation either during sustained or repetitive stimuli (data not shown).

Figure 1.
Figure 1.

CaMKII does not affect Cav1.3 activation or voltage-dependent facilitation. A, Western blot with CaMKII antibodies showing CaMKII expression in HEK293T cells transfected with CaMKIIα alone or +Cav1.3 (α11.3, β1b, α2δ) but not untransfected cells (U). B, IBa were evoked by 50 ms test pulses from −90 to various voltages in HEK293T cells transfected with Cav1.3 alone (n = 18, open circles) or cotransfected with CaMKII (n = 16, closed circles). Representative current traces (left) and normalized (Norm.) I–V relationship (right) are shown. For Cav1.3 alone, V1/2 = −26.3 ± 2.4 mV, k = −6.7 ± 0.5. For Cav1.3 plus CaMKII, V1/2 = −26.6 ± 1.5 mV, k = −7.2 ± 0.3. C, IBa was evoked by 10 ms test pulse from −90 to −20 mV before (P1) and after (P2) a 20 ms prepulse (Pre) to various voltages. Left, Voltage protocol and representative test currents using +60 mV prepulse. Dashed line indicates initial P1 current amplitude. Right, Facilitation was measured as the ratio of the P2 and P1 test currents and plotted against prepulse voltage for cells transfected with Cav1.3 alone (n = 10) or cotransfected with CaMKII (n = 12). By two-way ANOVA, there was no difference in facilitation between groups.

Densin binds to Cav1.3 α1 C terminus

In contrast to our findings, previous studies of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and cortical neurons implicated CaMKII and release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in the potentiation of CaV1.3 currents at negative voltages following stimulation with insulin-like growth factor 1 (Gao et al., 2006b). Analogous to the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) anchoring proteins for PKA regulation of Cav1 channels (Hulme et al., 2004), feedback modulation of Cav1.3 by CaMKII may require additional adaptor proteins present in neurons but not HEK293T cells. Densin was considered since it binds to CaMKII (Strack et al., 2000; Walikonis et al., 2001) and contains a type I PDZ domain that could associate with the corresponding recognition site at the distal CT of α11.3 (Fig. 2A). Consistent with this possibility, GFP-tagged densin coimmunoprecipitated with FLAG-tagged α11.3 in HEK293T cells (Fig. 2B) and bound in vitro to GST-tagged proteins containing the α11.3 CT, but not GST (Fig. 2C). To test the importance of the PDZ-binding sequence of α11.3 for the interaction, we mutated the CTL-A, which should prevent PDZ binding (Songyang et al., 1997; Calin-Jageman et al., 2007). Unlike for the wild-type α11.3 CT, the densin PDZ domain did not bind to CTL-A (Fig. 2D). These results confirmed a direct interaction of densin with the α11.3 CT PDZ-binding sequence.

Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Densin binds to α11.3. A, Top, Rat α11.3 with C-terminal type I PDZ-domain indicated with italics; bottom, rat densin with leucine-rich region (LRR), CaMKII-binding domain (CBD), and PDZ domain (not drawn to scale). Numbers indicate amino acid boundaries. B, Coimmunoprecipitation of GFP-densin with FLAG-tagged α11.3. Lysates from HEK293T cells cotransfected with Cav1.3 (FLAG-α11.3, β1b, α2δ) and GFP-densin (lane 1) or transfected with GFP-densin alone (lane 2) were incubated with goat α11.3 antibodies. Immunoprecipitated proteins were detected by Western blotting with FLAG (top) or GFP (bottom) antibodies. Asterisk indicates nonspecific band detected by GFP antibody. C, Pull-down of GFP-tagged densin by GST-tagged α11.3 CT (GST-CT). GST (lane 2) or GST-CT (lane 3) was immobilized on glutathione-agarose beads and incubated with lysates from HEK293T cells transfected with GFP-densin. Top, Western blot with GFP antibody. Bottom, GST-CT and GST protein used for pull-down are indicated in the Ponceau-stained blot. Lane 1 (In) shows ∼5% of the GFP-transfected cell lysate used in the assay. D, Binding of His-tagged densin PDZ-domain to GST-CT but not to GST or CT with mutation in PDZ-binding sequence (GST-CTL-A) in protein overlay assay. GST proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose, which was incubated with His-densin. Left, Ponceau staining shows levels of GST proteins used in the assay. Right, Western blot with anti-His antibodies shows binding of His-densin PDZ only to GST-CT.

We next investigated the potential for densin and Cav1.3 to interact in neurons. We first tested whether Cav1.3 channels and densin were associated with the same subcellular compartments in neurons. To restrict analysis to plasma membrane channels, we analyzed the localization of transfected HA-tagged α11.3 in which the HA tag was inserted in an extracellular domain of α11.3. Immunofluorescence with HA antibodies applied to live neurons cotransfected with eGFP and HA-α11.3 revealed a punctate distribution for Cav1.3 along the shaft and spines throughout the dendritic arbor (Fig. 3A). GFP-tagged densin showed a similar distribution, which was predominantly postsynaptic as indicated by colocalization with PSD-95 (Fig. 3B).

Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Densin and Cav1.3 are targeted to dendritic spines in neurons and form a ternary complex with CaMKII in the hippocampus. A, B, Epifluorescence images of immunofluorescently labeled transfected mouse hippocampal neurons in low-density culture. Grayscale images show fluorescence due to individual fluorophores; merged images are shown in color with regions of colocalization appearing yellow. A, Dendritic tree of neuron [17 days in vitro (DIV)] cotransfected with HA-α11.3 and eGFP after live-cell staining with HA antibody (anti-HA). HA-α11.3-positive puncta (left, red) are present on the neuronal surface throughout the dendrites. A dendrite segment shown at higher magnification (right) reveals HA-α11.3 puncta on the plasma membrane of dendritic spines (arrowheads). B, Neuron (20 DIV) transfected with GFP-densin, double labeled with antibodies against GFP (anti-GFP, green) and the postsynaptic density protein 95 (anti-PSD95, red). Immunofluorescence for GFP was required due to the weak intrinsic fluorescence of GFP-densin. GFP-densin and PSD95 display similar clustered distributions throughout the dendrites. At higher magnification (right), there is strong colocalization of GFP-densin (green) with PSD95 (red; arrowheads). Scale bars: left, 20 μm; right, 5 μm. C–E, Coimmunoprecipitation of densin, CaMKII, and α11.3. Mouse hippocampal lysates were incubated with control goat IgG or affinity purified goat antibodies against α11.3 (C), densin (D), or CaMKII (E). Coimmunoprecipitated proteins are indicated by arrows in Western blots for α11.3 (top), densin (middle), or CaMKII (bottom). Input lanes (In) represent 5% of lysates used in the assay.

Unfortunately, we could not determine whether both GFP-densin and Cav1.3 were colocalized since cotransfection of the corresponding cDNAs was deleterious to neuronal survival (data not shown). Therefore, we tested for a physical interaction between densin and Cav1.3 by coimmunoprecipitation. The α11.3 antibodies, but not control IgG, coimmunoprecipitated densin with α11.3 from solubilized mouse hippocampal membrane extracts (Fig. 3C). In the reverse approach, α11.3 was similarly brought down by densin antibodies (Fig. 3D). Consistent with a role for densin in scaffolding CaMKII to the channel complex, CaMKII was coimmunoprecipitated regardless of whether antibodies against densin or α11.3 were used (Fig. 3C,D). Moreover, CaMKII antibodies specifically coimmunoprecipitated both densin and α11.3 (Fig. 3E), despite a weak nonspecific interaction of CaMKII with the control IgG, which was most likely due to abundance of CaMKII in hippocampal extracts. Collectively, these results support the existence of a ternary complex comprised of densin, CaMKII, and Cav1.3 channels in the hippocampus.

Densin and CaMKII cause Ca2+-dependent facilitation of Cav1.3 Ca2+ currents

To test whether densin may functionally recruit CaMKII for modulation of Cav1.3, we analyzed the effect of cotransfecting densin plus CaMKII with Cav1.3 in HEK293T cells. While densin plus CaMKII did not affect voltage-dependent activation or facilitation of Cav1.3 (data not shown), they significantly increased the amplitude of Cav1.3 Ca2+ currents (ICa) during trains of depolarizations (100 Hz) (Fig. 4A). With this voltage protocol, ICa in cells transfected with Cav1.3 alone inactivates rapidly (∼40% within 50 ms) (Fig. 4A), due to Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI) mediated by calmodulin (Yang et al., 2006). In cells cotransfected with densin plus CaMKII, ICa inactivated significantly less, with amplitudes at the end of the 300 ms train that were ∼45% greater than in cells with Cav1.3 alone (Fig. 4A,C). The enhancement of ICa was independent of changes in voltage-dependent activation or peak current amplitude, which were not different in cells transfected with Cav1.3 alone (k = −12.0 ± 1.0; V1/2 = −7.1 ± 0.3; ICa amplitude at −10 mV = 1298.9 ± 304.6 pA; n = 9) and Cav1.3 plus densin plus CaMKII (k = −12.5 ± 2.2, p = 0.68; V1/2 = −7.2 ± 0.5, p = 0.34; ICa amplitude at −10 mV = 649.4 ± 165.2 pA, p = 0.21; n = 10; by t test).

Figure 4.
Figure 4.

A, B, Densin and CaMKII cause CDF of Cav1.3. ICa (A) and IBa (B) were evoked by 5 ms pulses from −90 to −10 mV at 100 Hz in cells transfected with Cav1.3 alone (α11.3, β1b, α2δ; n = 9 both for ICa and IBa) or cotransfected with densin plus CaMKII (n = 10 for ICa; n = 12 for IBa). Test current amplitudes were normalized to the first in the train (fractional current) and plotted against time (right). C, Quantitation of data in A and B. Fractional ICa and IBa for the last 11 pulses of the train were averaged for cells transfected with Cav1.3 alone, plus densin plus CaMKII, plus densin, or plus CaMKII. Parentheses indicate numbers of cells. *p < 0.05 compared with each group, by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test.

To determine whether the effect of densin plus CaMKII was Ca2+ dependent, we analyzed IBa. Because Ba2+ does not support Ca2+-dependent inactivation, the amplitude of IBa remains relatively constant throughout the train (Fig. 4B). In contrast to effects on ICa, densin plus CaMKII modestly increased inactivation of IBa (∼11.8%) (Fig. 4B,C). The effects of densin plus CaMKII were not seen when densin or CaMKII was singly cotransfected with Cav1.3 (Fig. 4C). These results reveal that Cav1.3 currents undergo CDF during repetitive stimuli, which requires both densin and CaMKII.

Densin binding to the α11.3 CT and CaMKII is required for CDF of Cav1.3

Since densin binds both α11.3 CT (Fig. 2C,D) and CaMKII (Strack et al., 2000; Walikonis et al., 2001), we hypothesized that CDF requires densin to scaffold CaMKII to the α11.3 CT. If so, then preventing these interactions should block CDF. We tested this prediction first with α11.3 containing the L-A mutation, which prevents densin binding (Fig. 2D). As expected, there was no significant effect of densin plus CaMKII on ICa inactivation for channels containing the L-A mutation (p = 0.15) (Fig. 5A). We next examined the effect of deleting the PDZ domain from densin (ΔPDZ), which should also prevent binding to α11.3 CT. Unlike full-length densin, the ΔPDZ truncation did not affect ICa amplitude at the end of the train (p = 0.82 compared with Cav1.3 alone) (Fig. 5B). Together, these data confirm the requirement for densin binding to α11.3 CT for CDF.

Figure 5.
Figure 5.

Densin binding to α11.3 and CaMKII is required for Cav1.3 modulation. A, B, Fractional current for ICa was measured as in Fig. 4 for Cav1.3 (α11.3L-A, β1b, α2δ) with mutated PDZ-binding site (Cav1.3L-A, n = 8) alone or cotransfected with densin plus CaMKII (n = 7) (A); or wild-type Cav1.3 alone (α11.3, β1b, α2δ; n = 9) or cotransfected with densin plus CaMKII (n = 11), or with densin lacking PDZ domain (ΔPDZ) plus CaMKII (n = 8) (B). C, Coimmunoprecipitation of CaMKII with densin but not densin with internal deletion (Δ483-1377). Transfected HEK293 cell lysates were incubated with control IgG (lanes 3 and 4) or antibodies against densin (lanes 5 and 6). Input lanes (1 and 2) represent ∼5% of cell lysate used for coimmunoprecipitation. Western blotting was with antibodies against densin (top) or CaMKII (bottom). D, Same as in A and B but for cells transfected with Cav1.3 alone (n = 9) or cotransfected with densin plus CaMKII (n = 11) or plus Δ483-1377 plus CaMKII (n = 7). Statistical differences described in text were determined by t test (A) or one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc test (B, D).

CaMKII directly interacts with the C-terminal domain of densin in vitro (Fig. 2A) (Strack et al., 2000; Walikonis et al., 2001) and this interaction is sufficient for coimmunoprecipitation of CaMKII with densin from transfected HEK293 cells (Jiao et al., 2008). In ongoing studies to define domains in full-length densin that are necessary for interaction with CaMKII, we found that a large internal deletion (Δ483-1377) in a naturally occurring densin splice variant substantially reduces the coimmunoprecipitation of CaMKII when compared with the full-length densin (Fig. 5C). Apparently, the deleted region (Δ483-1377) is required for CaMKII binding. Since the Δ483-1377 densin variant retains the PDZ domain and can bind to the α11.3 CT in pull-down assays (data not shown), we used it to determine whether weakened interactions of densin with CaMKII affect CDF. In contrast to full-length densin, the Δ483-1377 variant did not support CDF of Cav1.3 ICa during repetitive stimuli (p = 0.16 compared with Cav1.3 alone) (Fig. 5D). Thus, our results support a mechanism in which densin recruits CaMKII to the α11.3 CT, which promotes CDF of Cav1.3.

Cav1.3 CDF requires CaMKII activation

To probe further the relevance of CaMKII activity for Cav1.3 CDF, we used the CaMKII inhibitor, KN93, which blocks CaMKII activation by competing for the binding of Ca2+/calmodulin. Since long incubations (1–2 h) with extracellular KN93 (10 μm) nonspecifically inhibit Cav1.3 channels independent of CaMKII (Gao et al., 2006a), we included KN93 in the intracellular solution, which did not affect the amplitude or other properties of Cav1.3 currents (supplemental Table 1, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). However, KN93 prevented the effect of densin and CaMKII on CDF, whereas the inactive analog, KN92, had no effect (Fig. 6A). We also tested the effect of inhibiting CaMKII by directly blocking the active site with CaM-KIINtide, a peptide derived from the naturally occurring CaMKII inhibitor protein, CaM-KIIN (Chang et al., 1998). CaM-KIINtide (10 μm), introduced via the patch electrode in cells cotransfected with Cav1.3 plus densin plus CaMKII, also inhibited Cav1.3 CDF: this group was not significantly different from cells transfected with Cav1.3 alone (Fig. 6B). We also tested the effect of mutating threonine286 to alanine (T286A) in CaMKII, which prevents autonomous kinase activity after dissociation of Ca2+-calmodulin from CaMKII (Soderling, 1996). The T286A mutant, when coexpressed with densin and Cav1.3 did not support CDF (Fig. 6C). These results confirm that CaMKII activation and autonomous activity is necessary for Cav1.3 CDF.

Figure 6.
Figure 6.

CaMKII activation and autophosphorylation are required for Cav1.3 CDF. A–C, Left, Fractional ICa was measured as in Fig. 4 for ICa for cells transfected with Cav1.3 alone (α11.3, β1b, α2δ) or cotransfected with densin and CaMKII. Right, Average fractional ICa for the last 11 pulses. A, B, KN-93 (10 μm) but not KN-92 (10 μm) in the intracellular recording solution inhibited CDF (A) as did CaM-KIINtide (B, 10 μm). For B, *p < 0.05 by Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA on ranks and Dunn's post hoc test. Results for plus CaM-KIINtide were not significantly different from Cav1.3 alone. C, CaMKII autophosphorylation mutant (T286A) inhibited CDF. Parentheses indicate number of cells. For A and C, *p < 0.01 by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc analysis.

The densin-dependent positioning of CaMKII within the channel complex may allow for local activation of CaMKII by Ca2+ that emerges from the pore of individual Cav1.3 channels. If so, there should be little reliance of CDF on macroscopic current amplitude, since only the single-channel current would be relevant. Alternatively, CDF may depend on a Ca2+ microdomain due to Ca2+ influx through, and accumulation near, neighboring channels. In this case, CDF should be greater for large- than for small-amplitude currents. To distinguish between these mechanisms, we separately analyzed cells with small (<250 pA)- and large (>250 pA)-amplitude currents. We found that CDF due to densin and CaMKII was significant only for the large-amplitude ICa (Fig. 7A,B), which supported the importance of a Ca2+ microdomain for CDF. However, Cav β subunits potentiate peak current amplitude (Perez-Reyes et al., 1992) and influence CaMKII regulation of Cav1.2 (Grueter et al., 2006, 2008; Abiria and Colbran, 2010). Thus, insensitivity of small currents to densin and CaMKII could have been related to low levels of Cav β expression. If so, small currents should show activation voltages that are positively shifted relative to large currents, since all Cav β subunits cause a negative shift in activation voltage of Cav1 channels (Perez-Reyes et al., 1992). There was no difference in voltage-dependent activation of small- and large-amplitude currents in cells with Cav1.3 alone or cotransfected with densin and CaMKII (supplemental Table 2, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material), which showed that small currents arose from the same Cav1.3 subunit composition as large currents.

Figure 7.
Figure 7.

Cav1.3 CDF is blunted for low-amplitude ICa and intracellular BAPTA. A–C, Fractional ICa was measured as in Fig. 4 for ICa for cells transfected with Cav1.3 alone (α11.3, β1b, α2δ) or cotransfected with densin and CaMKII for ICa with amplitude >250 pA (A) or <250 pA (B) or with EGTA or BAPTA in the intracellular solution (C). Average fractional ICa for last 11 pulses was compared by t test (*p < 0.001; in B, *p = 0.14).

The Ca2+ dependence of CDF was further investigated by altering intracellular Ca2+ buffering strength. For this purpose, we substituted EGTA (5 mm) in the intracellular recording solution with BAPTA (10 mm). Due to its faster Ca2+ binding kinetics compared with EGTA (Tsien, 1980), BAPTA should more quickly nullify Ca2+ increases that support CDF. BAPTA even at 10 mm concentration, is permissive for Ca2+-dependent inactivation of Cav1.3 (Dick et al., 2008), which depends on nanodomain Ca2+ signals emanating from individual channels. If CDF depends on a similar Ca2+ nanodomain, BAPTA should spare CDF. However, BAPTA effectively blunted the effects of densin and CaMKII on Cav1.3 CDF (Fig. 7C). Together, these results show that Cav1.3 CDF requires a Ca2+ microdomain that is supported by multiple open channels.

Cav1.3 CDF requires high-frequency stimulation

The activity of CaMKII depends on the frequency of Ca2+ transients in excitable cells (Meyer et al., 1992; Hanson et al., 1994; De Koninck and Schulman, 1998). High-frequency Ca2+ spikes limit Ca2+/calmodulin dissociation, thus enhancing CaMKII autophosphorylation, which supports autonomous enzymatic activity (De Koninck and Schulman, 1998; Hudmon and Schulman, 2002). If frequency-dependent modulation of CaMKII contributes to Cav1.3 CDF, the effects of densin and CaMKII should be reduced during sustained or low-frequency depolarizations. Alternatively, if CDF depends only on a single Ca2+ burst due to rapid opening of Cav1.3 channels, CaMKII and densin should still facilitate Cav1.3 ICa evoked by sustained or low-frequency depolarizations. To distinguish between these possibilities, we first analyzed ICa during a 300 ms step depolarization. The ratio of the residual amplitude of ICa at the end of the pulse normalized to the peak current amplitude (Ires/Ipeak) (Fig. 8A) provided a metric analogous to that used for assessing CDF at the end of the 100 Hz train (Fig. 4A). If repetitive depolarizations are necessary for CDF, densin and CaMKII should not influence Ires/Ipeak. In cells transfected with Cav1.3 alone, Ires/Ipeak for ICa shows U-shaped dependence on test voltage due to Ca2+-dependent inactivation (Brehm and Eckert, 1978). Interestingly, densin plus CaMKII actually increased inactivation at a more positive voltages (+30 mV, Ires/Ipeak = 0.0.26 ± 0.03 for Cav1.3 alone, n = 7 vs 0.15 ± 0.03 for Cav1.3 plus densin plus CaMKII, n = 13; p < 0.05) (Fig. 8A). This appears to result from enhanced voltage-dependent inactivation by densin plus CaMKII, which was evident as increased inactivation of IBa in triply transfected cells during repetitive and sustained depolarizations (Fig. 4B,C; supplemental Fig. 2, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). However, with all other test voltages, including the same voltage used in the 100 Hz protocol (−10 mV) (Figs. 4, 5), Ires/Ipeak was not significantly different in cells transfected with Cav1.3 alone and those cotransfected with densin plus CaMKII (Fig. 8A). This result demonstrates that a sustained depolarization is insufficient to produce Cav1.3 CDF.

Figure 8.
Figure 8.

Densin and CaMKII do not cause CDF during sustained or low-frequency depolarizations. A, ICa was evoked by 300 ms step pulses from −90 mV to various voltages. Ires/Ipeak was plotted against test voltage (bottom) for Cav1.3 (α11.3, β1b, α2δ) alone (n = 7) or Cav1.3 plus densin plus CaMKII (n = 13). Except for at +30 mV, there was no difference in Ires/Ipeak for Cav1.3 alone or cotransfected with densin and CaMKII by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test. B, Fractional ICa obtained from 50 Hz depolarizations (5 ms pulses from −90 to −10 mV) for Cav1.3 alone (n = 14) or cotransfected with densin plus CaMKII (n = 18). By t test, there was no difference in fractional ICa for last 11 pulses for Cav1.3 alone (0.54 ± 0.03) or plus densin plus CaMKII (0.55 ± 0.02; p = 0.62). C, D, Intracellular Ca2+ signals in HEK293T cells cotransfected with Cav1.3, densin, and CaMKII measured by fura-2. Transfected cells were subject to simultaneous whole-cell patch-clamp recording of ICa and imaging of fura-2 fluorescence. C, Representative traces show Ca2+ signal measured as the ratio of fura-2 fluorescence from excitation at 340 and 380 nm following 50 or 100 Hz stimulation. D, The signal amplitude at 0.3 s (indicated by arrows in C) was normalized to whole-cell current amplitude to control for differences in current density between cells and compared by t test (*p = 0.02 by t test). The slope of the traces was compared by Mann–Whitney rank sum test (*p = 0.007).

High-frequency activation of Cav1.3 channels may trigger the rapid accumulation of Ca2+ that facilitates Ca2+/calmodulin binding to CaMKII, autophosphorylation of the kinase at Thr286, and changes in channel gating that underlie CDF. Due to Ca2+ diffusion from microdomains supporting CDF, low-frequency activation of Cav1.3 channels may be less effective in promoting autonomous CaMKII activity. To test this, we characterized CDF during 50 Hz trains of depolarizations. As expected, there was no significant effect of densin and CaMKII on CDF with this voltage protocol, even for long (1 s) trains (p = 0.77 compared with 100 Hz stimulation) (Fig. 8B). To further define the Ca2+ signal that underlies CDF, we performed simultaneous electrophysiological and optical recordings with the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator fura-2, which was introduced into cells via the patch electrode. These experiments showed that within the 300 ms train, stimulation at 100 Hz caused a significantly greater (∼32%) and faster (∼39%) increase in Ca2+ compared with 50 Hz (Fig. 8C,D). Together, these data highlight the importance of high-frequency stimulation for fast and robust increases in Ca2+ that support Cav1.3 CDF.

Discussion

Our results reveal a novel feedback regulation of Cav1.3 channels that involves multivalent interactions between Cav1.3 α1 subunits, densin, and CaMKII. Densin binding to the distal C-terminal domain of α11.3 permits CaMKII-dependent facilitation of Cav1.3 Ca2+ currents during high-frequency, depolarizing stimuli. This regulation depends on precise patterns of Cav1.3 Ca2+ influx, CaMKII binding to densin, and CaMKII autophosphorylation. Association of Cav1.3, densin, and CaMKII at some synapses may coordinate activity-dependent potentiation of L-type Ca2+ currents underlying alterations in synaptic efficacy and other neuronal functions.

Ca2+-dependent facilitation of Cav1.3 by densin and CaMKII

The regulation of voltage-gated (Cav) Ca2+ channels by permeating Ca2+ ions permits fast and efficient control of Ca2+ signals in excitable cells. CDI curtails Ca2+ influx and is mediated by CaM binding to the proximal C-terminal domain of the Cav α1 subunit (Halling et al., 2006). CDF boosts Ca2+ entry through Cav channels, but via multiple mechanisms. For Cav1.2, CDF involves CaMKII binding to and phosphorylation of α1 and/or β subunits (Hudmon et al., 2005; Grueter et al., 2006). However, in recombinant systems, CDF of whole-cell Cav1.2 currents is not evident unless CDI is first inhibited by mutations of the CaM binding (IQ) domain (Zühlke et al., 1999, 2000). In contrast, Cav1.2 channels in cardiac myocytes undergo overt CDF (Noble and Shimoni, 1981; Marban and Tsien, 1982; Lee, 1987), suggesting that additional factors are permissive for CDF of native Cav1.2 channels. We also did not detect CDF for Cav1.3 transfected alone or cotransfected only with CaMKII in HEK293Tcells (Fig. 4). Due to CDI, Cav1.3 ICa showed only inactivation during 100 Hz depolarizations (Fig. 4A). However, we interpret the enhanced ICa amplitudes in cells cotransfected with densin and CaMKII (Fig. 4A,C) as CDF, which overlaps temporally with CDI during the 100 Hz train. Facilitation was Ca2+ dependent since it was seen for ICa and not IBa (Fig. 4B), increased with ICa amplitude (Fig. 7A,B), and was inhibited by BAPTA in the intracellular recording solution (Fig. 7C).

Our results indicate that densin scaffolds CaMKII to the α11.3 CT, which enables local activation of CaMKII by Ca2+/calmodulin. The ability of CaMKII to respond to the frequency of Ca2+ oscillations with different levels of activity is well established (De Koninck and Schulman, 1998) and involves Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated autophosphorylation at Thr286 of individual subunits, 12 of which form the CaMKII holoenzyme (Hudmon and Schulman, 2002). The importance of high-frequency depolarizations and CaMKII Thr286 autophosphorylation in our experiments (Figs. 6C, 8) implies that CDF requires CaMKII catalytic activity. Potential substrates for CaMKII phosphorylation include densin (Strack et al., 2000; Walikonis et al., 2001). In addition, CaMKII may phosphorylate the Cavβ subunit (Grueter et al., 2008), which increases the open probability of cardiac Cav1.2 channels (Grueter et al., 2006). Finally, CaMKII could phosphorylate α11.3. In SHSY5Y cells and cortical neurons, CaMKII-dependent enhancement of CaV1.3 following stimulation with insulin like growth factor 1 is prevented by mutation of Ser1486 in α11.3 to Ala (Gao et al., 2006b), although it has not been shown that CaMKII directly phosphorylates Ser1486. Moreover, insulin like growth factor 1 enhanced Ba2+ currents carried by CaV1.3 channels by shifting voltage-dependent activation of the channel to more negative voltages, independent of repetitive stimulation. Thus, the CaMKII- and densin-dependent CDF in our experiments appears quite distinct from previously described modes of Cav1.3 regulation. Further studies will be necessary to dissect the molecular targets of CaMKII and their involvement in CDF and other forms of Cav1.3 modulation.

Densin as a scaffold for CaMKII in the Cav1.3 channel complex

Densin interacts with a number of postsynaptic proteins, including Shank (Quitsch et al., 2005), δ-catenin (Martinez et al., 2003), and α-actinin (Walikonis et al., 2001; Robison et al., 2005), but how densin influences these proteins is generally not known. Our results indicate that densin may scaffold CaMKII to postsynaptic Cav1.3 channels, much like A-kinase anchoring proteins tether PKA (Hulme et al., 2003) and calcineurin (Oliveria et al., 2007) to Cav1.2. This mechanism allows for fast and efficient modulation of Cav1 channels, which is consistent with the millisecond time course of Cav1.3 facilitation we found in our experiments (Fig. 4A). At the same time, CaMKII is also a transducer of Cav1 Ca2+ signals. For example, CaMKII responds to Cav1 channel opening by forming clusters at the neuronal plasma membrane and selectively couples Cav1 but not Cav2 channels to pCREB activation in response to moderate depolarizations (Wheeler et al., 2008). Cav2 channels are not likely to bind densin since they lack a type I PDZ-binding sequence. Association of densin and CaMKII with Cav1.3 in the brain (Fig. 3C–E) may therefore contribute to the Cav1-specific nature of pCREB signaling (Zhang et al., 2006).

Although CDF due to densin and CaMKII was only seen for large-amplitude currents recorded in high concentrations of extracellular Ca2+ (10 mm) during intense depolarizing stimuli, we predict that Cav1.3 CDF due to densin and CaMKII will be physiologically relevant in neurons. Cav1.3 and densin are concentrated in dendritic spines (Fig. 3A), which have a relatively small volume, particularly compared with HEK293T cells. Previous work shows that Cav1.2 channels are clustered in spines, in which it was estimated that there are ∼8 channels per cluster (Obermair et al., 2004). Similar clustering of Cav1.3 channels within spines, which is suggested by the immunofluorescence of HA-α11.3 (Fig. 3A) (Gao et al., 2006b), should efficiently produce the Ca2+ microdomain required for CDF even under physiological (<2 mm) extracellular Ca2+ concentrations. During stimuli that promote long-term potentiation, CaMKII activation in dendritic spines is mediated by Cav1 channels and is blocked by 20 mm BAPTA but partially spared by the same concentration of EGTA (Lee et al., 2009). In this context, densin and CaMKII may endow Cav1.3 channels with a positive feedback regulation to boost local Ca2+ signals that initiate CaMKII activation and participation in long-term synaptic plasticity.

However, densin and CaMKII may also underlie pathological changes associated with hyperactivation of Cav1.3 channels. For example, in the striatum, the excitability of striatopallidal neurons is regulated by Cav1.3 channels, which are inhibited by D2 dopamine receptors (Olson et al., 2005). Excessive Ca2+ influx via Cav1.3 channels following dopamine depletion results in a loss of dendritic spines in striatopallidal neurons, since these morphological changes are not seen in mice lacking Cav1.3 (Day et al., 2006). Intriguingly, CaMKII activity is also upregulated upon dopamine depletion (Picconi et al., 2004; Brown et al., 2005), which may further exacerbate Ca2+ overloads by promoting Cav1.3 CDF. Moreover, CaMKII inhibition alleviates defects in synaptic plasticity and motor deficits following striatal dopamine depletion (Picconi et al., 2004). Thus, elucidating the functional relationships between densin, CaMKII, and Cav1.3 at striatopallidal synapses may yield further insights into the potential therapeutic efficacy of Cav1.3 blockers for Parkinson's disease (Chan et al., 2007, 2009).

Footnotes

  • This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL087120, DC009433 to A.L.; MH63232 to R.J.C.; NS054614 to Y.M.U.; and T32 HL07121 to C.J.C.), the American Heart Association (A.L.), the Israel Binational Science Foundation (A.L.), and the Austrian Science Fund (P17807-B05 to G.J.O.). We thank Diane Lipscombe and Randy Hall for cDNAs, Jörg Striessnig for Cav1.3 knock-out mice, and Irina Calin-Jageman for help in generating the HA-tagged Cav1.3.

  • Correspondence should be addressed to Amy Lee, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, 5-611 Bowen Science Building, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242. amy-lee{at}uiowa.edu

References

  1. ↵
    1. Abiria SA,
    2. Colbran RJ
    (2010) CaMKII associates with Cav1.2 L-type calcium channels via selected beta subunits to enhance regulatory phosphorylation. J Neurochem 112:150–161.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. ↵
    1. Altier C,
    2. Dubel SJ,
    3. Barrère C,
    4. Jarvis SE,
    5. Stotz SC,
    6. Spaetgens RL,
    7. Scott JD,
    8. Cornet V,
    9. De Waard M,
    10. Zamponi GW,
    11. Nargeot J,
    12. Bourinet E
    (2002) Trafficking of L-type calcium channels mediated by the postsynaptic scaffolding protein AKAP79. J Biol Chem 277:33598–33603.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  3. ↵
    1. Apperson ML,
    2. Moon IS,
    3. Kennedy MB
    (1996) Characterization of densin-180, a new brain-specific synaptic protein of the O-sialoglycoprotein family. J Neurosci 16:6839–6852.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  4. ↵
    1. Bilder D,
    2. Birnbaum D,
    3. Borg JP,
    4. Bryant P,
    5. Huigbretse J,
    6. Jansen E,
    7. Kennedy MB,
    8. Labouesse M,
    9. Legouis R,
    10. Mechler B,
    11. Perrimon N,
    12. Petit M,
    13. Sinha P
    (2000) Collective nomenclature for LAP proteins. Nat Cell Biol 2:E114.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  5. ↵
    1. Brehm P,
    2. Eckert R
    (1978) Calcium entry leads to inactivation of calcium channel in Paramecium. Science 202:1203–1206.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  6. ↵
    1. Brickey DA,
    2. Colbran RJ,
    3. Fong YL,
    4. Soderling TR
    (1990) Expression and characterization of the alpha-subunit of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II using the baculovirus expression system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 173:578–584.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. ↵
    1. Brown AM,
    2. Deutch AY,
    3. Colbran RJ
    (2005) Dopamine depletion alters phosphorylation of striatal proteins in a model of Parkinsonism. Eur J Neurosci 22:247–256.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. ↵
    1. Calin-Jageman I,
    2. Lee A
    (2008) Cav1 L-type Ca2+ channel signaling complexes in neurons. J Neurochem 105:573–583.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. ↵
    1. Calin-Jageman I,
    2. Yu K,
    3. Hall RA,
    4. Mei L,
    5. Lee A
    (2007) Erbin enhances voltage-dependent facilitation of Cav1.3 Ca2+ channels through relief of an autoinhibitory domain in the Cav1.3 α1 subunit. J Neurosci 27:1374–1385.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  10. ↵
    1. Chan CS,
    2. Guzman JN,
    3. Ilijic E,
    4. Mercer JN,
    5. Rick C,
    6. Tkatch T,
    7. Meredith GE,
    8. Surmeier DJ
    (2007) ‘Rejuvenation’ protects neurons in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. Nature 447:1081–1086.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  11. ↵
    1. Chan CS,
    2. Gertler TS,
    3. Surmeier DJ
    (2009) Calcium homeostasis, selective vulnerability and Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci 32:249–256.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  12. ↵
    1. Chang BH,
    2. Mukherji S,
    3. Soderling TR
    (1998) Characterization of a calmodulin kinase II inhibitor protein in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:10890–10895.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  13. ↵
    1. Colbran RJ,
    2. Brown AM
    (2004) Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and synaptic plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 14:318–327.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  14. ↵
    1. Day M,
    2. Wang Z,
    3. Ding J,
    4. An X,
    5. Ingham CA,
    6. Shering AF,
    7. Wokosin D,
    8. Ilijic E,
    9. Sun Z,
    10. Sampson AR,
    11. Mugnaini E,
    12. Deutch AY,
    13. Sesack SR,
    14. Arbuthnott GW,
    15. Surmeier DJ
    (2006) Selective elimination of glutamatergic synapses on striatopallidal neurons in Parkinson disease models. Nat Neurosci 9:251–259.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  15. ↵
    1. De Koninck P,
    2. Schulman H
    (1998) Sensitivity of CaM kinase II to the frequency of Ca2+ oscillations. Science 279:227–230.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  16. ↵
    1. Dick IE,
    2. Tadross MR,
    3. Liang H,
    4. Tay LH,
    5. Yang W,
    6. Yue DT
    (2008) A modular switch for spatial Ca2+ selectivity in the calmodulin regulation of CaV channels. Nature 451:830–834.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  17. ↵
    1. Dzhura I,
    2. Wu Y,
    3. Colbran RJ,
    4. Balser JR,
    5. Anderson ME
    (2000) Calmodulin kinase determines calcium-dependent facilitation of L-type calcium channels. Nat Cell Biol 2:173–177.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  18. ↵
    1. Fam SR,
    2. Paquet M,
    3. Castleberry AM,
    4. Oller H,
    5. Lee CJ,
    6. Traynelis SF,
    7. Smith Y,
    8. Yun CC,
    9. Hall RA
    (2005) P2Y1 receptor signaling is controlled by interaction with the PDZ scaffold NHERF-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:8042–8047.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  19. ↵
    1. Gao L,
    2. Blair LA,
    3. Marshall J
    (2006a) CaMKII-independent effects of KN93 and its inactive analog KN92: reversible inhibition of L-type calcium channels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 345:1606–1610.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  20. ↵
    1. Gao L,
    2. Blair LA,
    3. Salinas GD,
    4. Needleman LA,
    5. Marshall J
    (2006b) Insulin-like growth factor-1 modulation of CaV1.3 calcium channels depends on Ca2+ release from IP3-sensitive stores and calcium/calmodulin kinase II phosphorylation of the α1 subunit EF hand. J Neurosci 26:6259–6268.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  21. ↵
    1. Griffith LC
    (2004) Regulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activation by intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. J Neurosci 24:8394–8398.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  22. ↵
    1. Grueter CE,
    2. Abiria SA,
    3. Dzhura I,
    4. Wu Y,
    5. Ham AJ,
    6. Mohler PJ,
    7. Anderson ME,
    8. Colbran RJ
    (2006) L-type Ca2+ channel facilitation mediated by phosphorylation of the β subunit by CaMKII. Mol Cell 23:641–650.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  23. ↵
    1. Grueter CE,
    2. Abiria SA,
    3. Wu Y,
    4. Anderson ME,
    5. Colbran RJ
    (2008) Differential regulated interactions of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II with isoforms of voltage-gated calcium channel beta subunits. Biochemistry 47:1760–1767.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. ↵
    1. Halling DB,
    2. Aracena-Parks P,
    3. Hamilton SL
    (2006) Regulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels by calmodulin. Sci STKE 2006:er1.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  25. ↵
    1. Hanson PI,
    2. Meyer T,
    3. Stryer L,
    4. Schulman H
    (1994) Dual role of calmodulin in autophosphorylation of multifunctional CaM kinase may underlie decoding of calcium signals. Neuron 12:943–956.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  26. ↵
    1. Helton TD,
    2. Xu W,
    3. Lipscombe D
    (2005) Neuronal L-type calcium channels open quickly and are inhibited slowly. J Neurosci 25:10247–10251.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  27. ↵
    1. Hudmon A,
    2. Schulman H
    (2002) Neuronal Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II: the role of structure and autoregulation in cellular function. Annu Rev Biochem 71:473–510.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  28. ↵
    1. Hudmon A,
    2. Schulman H,
    3. Kim J,
    4. Maltez JM,
    5. Tsien RW,
    6. Pitt GS
    (2005) CaMKII tethers to L-type Ca2+ channels, establishing a local and dedicated integrator of Ca2+ signals for facilitation. J Cell Biol 171:537–547.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  29. ↵
    1. Hulme JT,
    2. Lin TW,
    3. Westenbroek RE,
    4. Scheuer T,
    5. Catterall WA
    (2003) Beta-adrenergic regulation requires direct anchoring of PKA to cardiac Cav1.2 channels via a leucine zipper interaction with A kinase-anchoring protein 15. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:13093–13098.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  30. ↵
    1. Hulme JT,
    2. Scheuer T,
    3. Catterall WA
    (2004) Regulation of cardiac ion channels by signaling complexes: role of modified leucine zipper motifs. J Mol Cell Cardiol 37:625–631.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  31. ↵
    1. Izawa I,
    2. Nishizawa M,
    3. Ohtakara K,
    4. Inagaki M
    (2002) Densin-180 interacts with delta-catenin/neural plakophilin-related armadillo repeat protein at synapses. J Biol Chem 277:5345–5350.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  32. ↵
    1. Jiao Y,
    2. Robison AJ,
    3. Bass MA,
    4. Colbran RJ
    (2008) Developmentally regulated alternative splicing of densin modulates protein-protein interaction and subcellular localization. J Neurochem 105:1746–1760.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  33. ↵
    1. Koschak A,
    2. Reimer D,
    3. Huber I,
    4. Grabner M,
    5. Glossmann H,
    6. Engel J,
    7. Striessnig J
    (2001) α1D (Cav1.3) subunits can form L-type Ca2+ channels activating at negative voltages. J Biol Chem 276:22100–22106.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  34. ↵
    1. Lee KS
    (1987) Potentiation of the calcium-channel currents of internally perfused mammalian heart cells by repetitive depolarization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84:3941–3945.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  35. ↵
    1. Lee SJ,
    2. Escobedo-Lozoya Y,
    3. Szatmari EM,
    4. Yasuda R
    (2009) Activation of CaMKII in single dendritic spines during long-term potentiation. Nature 458:299–304.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  36. ↵
    1. Lee TS,
    2. Karl R,
    3. Moosmang S,
    4. Lenhardt P,
    5. Klugbauer N,
    6. Hofmann F,
    7. Kleppisch T,
    8. Welling A
    (2006) Calmodulin kinase II is involved in voltage-dependent facilitation of the L-type Cav1.2 calcium channel: identification of the phosphorylation sites. J Biol Chem 281:25560–25567.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  37. ↵
    1. Lisman J,
    2. Schulman H,
    3. Cline H
    (2002) The molecular basis of CaMKII function in synaptic and behavioural memory. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:175–190.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  38. ↵
    1. Marban E,
    2. Tsien RW
    (1982) Enhancement of calcium current during digitalis inotropy in mammalian heart: positive feed-back regulation by intracellular calcium? J Physiol 329:589–614.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  39. ↵
    1. Martinez MC,
    2. Ochiishi T,
    3. Majewski M,
    4. Kosik KS
    (2003) Dual regulation of neuronal morphogenesis by a delta-catenin-cortactin complex and Rho. J Cell Biol 162:99–111.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  40. ↵
    1. McKinney BC,
    2. Murphy GG
    (2006) The L-type voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.3 mediates consolidation, but not extinction, of contextually conditioned fear in mice. Learn Mem 13:584–589.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  41. ↵
    1. McNeill RB,
    2. Colbran RJ
    (1995) Interaction of autophosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II with neuronal cytoskeletal proteins. Characterization of binding to a 190-kDa postsynaptic density protein. J Biol Chem 270:10043–10049.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  42. ↵
    1. Meyer T,
    2. Hanson PI,
    3. Stryer L,
    4. Schulman H
    (1992) Calmodulin trapping by calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Science 256:1199–1202.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  43. ↵
    1. Noble S,
    2. Shimoni Y
    (1981) The calcium and frequency dependence of the slow inward current ‘staircase’ in frog atrium. J Physiol 310:57–75.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  44. ↵
    1. Obermair GJ,
    2. Szabo Z,
    3. Bourinet E,
    4. Flucher BE
    (2004) Differential targeting of the L-type Ca2+ channel α1C (Cav1.2) to synaptic and extrasynaptic compartments in hippocampal neurons. Eur J Neurosci 19:2109–2122.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  45. ↵
    1. Obermair GJ,
    2. Schlick B,
    3. Di Biase V,
    4. Subramanyam P,
    5. Gebhart M,
    6. Baumgartner S,
    7. Flucher BE
    (2010) Reciprocal interactions regulate targeting of calcium channel β subunits and membrane expression of α1 subunits in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem 285:5776–5791.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  46. ↵
    1. Ohtakara K,
    2. Nishizawa M,
    3. Izawa I,
    4. Hata Y,
    5. Matsushima S,
    6. Taki W,
    7. Inada H,
    8. Takai Y,
    9. Inagaki M
    (2002) Densin-180, a synaptic protein, links to PSD-95 through its direct interaction with MAGUIN-1. Genes Cells 7:1149–1160.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  47. ↵
    1. Oliveria SF,
    2. Dell'Acqua ML,
    3. Sather WA
    (2007) AKAP79/150 anchoring of calcineurin controls neuronal L-type Ca2+ channel activity and nuclear signaling. Neuron 55:261–275.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  48. ↵
    1. Olson PA,
    2. Tkatch T,
    3. Hernandez-Lopez S,
    4. Ulrich S,
    5. Ilijic E,
    6. Mugnaini E,
    7. Zhang H,
    8. Bezprozvanny I,
    9. Surmeier DJ
    (2005) G-protein-coupled receptor modulation of striatal CaV1.3 L-type Ca2+ channels is dependent on a Shank-binding domain. J Neurosci 25:1050–1062.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  49. ↵
    1. Perez-Reyes E,
    2. Castellano A,
    3. Kim HS,
    4. Bertrand P,
    5. Baggstrom E,
    6. Lacerda AE,
    7. Wei XY,
    8. Birnbaumer L
    (1992) Cloning and expression of a cardiac/brain beta subunit of the L-type calcium channel. J Biol Chem 267:1792–1797.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  50. ↵
    1. Picconi B,
    2. Gardoni F,
    3. Centonze D,
    4. Mauceri D,
    5. Cenci MA,
    6. Bernardi G,
    7. Calabresi P,
    8. Di Luca M
    (2004) Abnormal Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II function mediates synaptic and motor deficits in experimental parkinsonism. J Neurosci 24:5283–5291.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  51. ↵
    1. Puopolo M,
    2. Raviola E,
    3. Bean BP
    (2007) Roles of subthreshold calcium current and sodium current in spontaneous firing of mouse midbrain dopamine neurons. J Neurosci 27:645–656.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  52. ↵
    1. Quitsch A,
    2. Berhörster K,
    3. Liew CW,
    4. Richter D,
    5. Kreienkamp HJ
    (2005) Postsynaptic shank antagonizes dendrite branching induced by the leucine-rich repeat protein Densin-180. J Neurosci 25:479–487.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  53. ↵
    1. Robison AJ,
    2. Bass MA,
    3. Jiao Y,
    4. MacMillan LB,
    5. Carmody LC,
    6. Bartlett RK,
    7. Colbran RJ
    (2005) Multivalent interactions of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II with the postsynaptic density proteins NR2B, densin-180, and alpha-actinin-2. J Biol Chem 280:35329–35336.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  54. ↵
    1. Rose J,
    2. Jin SX,
    3. Craig AM
    (2009) Heterosynaptic molecular dynamics: locally induced propagating synaptic accumulation of CaM kinase II. Neuron 61:351–358.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  55. ↵
    1. Scholze A,
    2. Plant TD,
    3. Dolphin AC,
    4. Nürnberg B
    (2001) Functional expression and characterization of a voltage-gated CaV1.3 (α1D) calcium channel subunit from an insulin-secreting cell line. Mol Endocrinol 15:1211–1221.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  56. ↵
    1. Sinnegger-Brauns MJ,
    2. Hetzenauer A,
    3. Huber IG,
    4. Renström E,
    5. Wietzorrek G,
    6. Berjukov S,
    7. Cavalli M,
    8. Walter D,
    9. Koschak A,
    10. Waldschütz R,
    11. Hering S,
    12. Bova S,
    13. Rorsman P,
    14. Pongs O,
    15. Singewald N,
    16. Striessnig JJ
    (2004) Isoform-specific regulation of mood behavior and pancreatic beta cell and cardiovascular function by L-type Ca2+ channels. J Clin Invest 113:1430–1439.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  57. ↵
    1. Soderling TR
    (1996) Structure and regulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II and IV. Biochim Biophys Acta 1297:131–138.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  58. ↵
    1. Songyang Z,
    2. Fanning AS,
    3. Fu C,
    4. Xu J,
    5. Marfatia SM,
    6. Chishti AH,
    7. Crompton A,
    8. Chan AC,
    9. Anderson JM,
    10. Cantley LC
    (1997) Recognition of unique carboxyl-terminal motifs by distinct PDZ domains. Science 275:73–77.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  59. ↵
    1. Strack S,
    2. Robison AJ,
    3. Bass MA,
    4. Colbran RJ
    (2000) Association of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II with developmentally regulated splice variants of the postsynaptic density protein densin-180. J Biol Chem 275:25061–25064.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  60. ↵
    1. Tsien RY
    (1980) New calcium indicators and buffers with high selectivity against magnesium and protons: design, synthesis, and properties of prototype structures. Biochemistry 19:2396–2404.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  61. ↵
    1. Walikonis RS,
    2. Oguni A,
    3. Khorosheva EM,
    4. Jeng CJ,
    5. Asuncion FJ,
    6. Kennedy MB
    (2001) Densin-180 forms a ternary complex with the α-subunit of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and α-actinin. J Neurosci 21:423–433.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  62. ↵
    1. Wheeler DG,
    2. Barrett CF,
    3. Groth RD,
    4. Safa P,
    5. Tsien RW
    (2008) CaMKII locally encodes L-type channel activity to signal to nuclear CREB in excitation-transcription coupling. J Cell Biol 183:849–863.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  63. ↵
    1. Wu Y,
    2. Dzhura I,
    3. Colbran RJ,
    4. Anderson ME
    (2001) Calmodulin kinase and a calmodulin-binding ‘IQ’ domain facilitate L-type Ca2+ current in rabbit ventricular myocytes by a common mechanism. J Physiol 535:679–687.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  64. ↵
    1. Xu W,
    2. Lipscombe D
    (2001) Neuronal Cav1.3 α1 L-type channels activate at relatively hyperpolarized membrane potentials and are incompletely inhibited by dihydropyridines. J Neurosci 21:5944–5951.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  65. ↵
    1. Yang PS,
    2. Alseikhan BA,
    3. Hiel H,
    4. Grant L,
    5. Mori MX,
    6. Yang W,
    7. Fuchs PA,
    8. Yue DT
    (2006) Switching of Ca2+-dependent inactivation of Cav1.3 channels by calcium binding proteins of auditory hair cells. J Neurosci 26:10677–10689.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  66. ↵
    1. Yasuda R,
    2. Sabatini BL,
    3. Svoboda K
    (2003) Plasticity of calcium channels in dendritic spines. Nat Neurosci 6:948–955.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  67. ↵
    1. Zhang H,
    2. Fu Y,
    3. Altier C,
    4. Platzer J,
    5. Surmeier DJ,
    6. Bezprozvanny I
    (2006) CaV1.2 and CaV1.3 neuronal L-type calcium channels: differential targeting and signaling to pCREB. Eur J Neurosci 23:2297–2310.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  68. ↵
    1. Zühlke RD,
    2. Pitt GS,
    3. Deisseroth K,
    4. Tsien RW,
    5. Reuter H
    (1999) Calmodulin supports both inactivation and facilitation of L-type calcium channels. Nature 399:159–162.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  69. ↵
    1. Zühlke RD,
    2. Pitt GS,
    3. Tsien RW,
    4. Reuter H
    (2000) Ca2+-sensitive inactivation and facilitation of L-type Ca2+ channels both depend on specific amino acid residues in a consensus calmodulin-binding motif in the α1C subunit. J Biol Chem 275:21121–21129.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
Back to top

In this issue

Email
Print
View Full Page PDF
Citation Tools
Respond to this article
Ca2+-Dependent Facilitation of Cav1.3 Ca2+ Channels by Densin and Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II
Meagan A. Jenkins, Carl J. Christel, Yuxia Jiao, Sunday Abiria, Kristin Y. Kim, Yuriy M. Usachev, Gerald J. Obermair, Roger J. Colbran, Amy Lee
Journal of Neuroscience 14 April 2010, 30 (15) 5125-5135; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4367-09.2010
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo

Jump to section

Responses to this article

Respond to this article

Jump to comment:

No eLetters have been published for this article.