Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Experimental stimuli, procedure, and behavioral scoring. A, Schematic display of stimuli as they appeared on the computer screen along with the sequences and fixation cross used during the experiment. B, Participants followed a similar procedure of familiarization and training and three runs of testing during each day of the experiment. The three runs were conducted in the scanner on days 1, 2, and 5 and in a testing room on the third and fourth days. Sequence blocks were randomly arranged about the three rest blocks for each participant and run. C, Behavioral scoring was calculated in three steps to construct the two behavioral measures—sequence ordering accuracy as percentage correct and sensorimotor integration as percentage synchrony.
- Figure 2.
Behavioral results and the basic learning network. A, PCOR (left) and PSYN (right) by day presented for LRN (blue) and SMP (green) conditions. LRN PCOR improved significantly across days while PSYN showed an increasing trend. There was no change in SMP performance across days. Error bars indicate SEM. B, Average of LRN-SMP conditions on day 1 defined the basic network for this task. Activity was found bilaterally in extensive regions of the cerebellar cortex, motor cortical regions (PMC, pre-SMA, SMA), and bilateral caudate nucleus.
- Figure 3.
Across-day changes in the basic learning network. The contrasts between LRN on days 2 and 1, 5 and 2, and 5 and 1 are shown for two slices in Montreal Neurological Institute coordinates. Across-day changes were dominated by decreasing activity. Decreasing M1/S1, M1/PMC, and cerebellar cortical activity can be most easily identified in the contrast between days 5 and 1.
- Figure 4.
Motor and cerebellar regions identified in the BOLD–behavior correlations. A, Greater accuracy (PCOR) was correlated with lower activity in PMC/M1 and CB. B, Improvement in sensorimotor integration (PSYN) was correlated with greater activity in M1 and CB (VIIIA/VIIB). Signal extractions are plotted against performance on each run for the peak voxel in each area of interest.
- Figure 5.
Consolidation predictor and functional connectivity. A, Two locations within M1 correlated with the extent of PCOR consolidation between day 1 and day 2. A plot of BOLD signal against behavioral improvement for the more medial region is also shown. Each point demarks a single participant, whereas the solid line illustrates the between-subjects correlation. This correlation is significant both with and without the largest difference score; p < 0.05, uncorrected. B, Ipsilateral CB VIIIA was found to exhibit increased temporal connectivity with M1 during performance of LRN on day 5 when compared with day 1.
Tables
x y z t value L M1 −18 −24 66 3.94 L M1 −34 −22 66 3.61 R S2 68 −6 16 3.74 L secondary auditory cortex −44 −14 16 4.09 R secondary auditory cortex 56 −4 6 3.59 Consolidation on PCOR correlated with activity in the LRN condition on the first run of day 1. L, Left; R, right.
x y z t value R CB VIIIA 34 −52 −56 4.06 SMA 4 4 48 3.50 L M1 seed with day 5 − day 1 (LRN). L, Left; R, right.
Supplemental Data
Files in this Data Supplement:
- supplemental material - Supplemental Tables
