Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Change in correct naming (y-axis) attempts for each patient (x-axis) reported in the order of response to treatment.
- Figure 2.
Brain areas where a greater increase in cortical activity was associated with an increase in correct naming (red color scale). The lesion overlay map for those patients who were included in the fMRI analysis is shown in the multicolor scale. The greatest lesion overlap among the 19 patients was found in the left insula (N = 14). The axial slice number in MNI space is shown to the top of each slice. The graph at the bottom shows the nature of the relationship between improved naming (x-axis) and the mean activation increase across the activated clusters shown in the axial images on top. It is important to note here that the graph was included to emphasize how the changed scores illustrated in Figure 1 related to a change in left hemisphere activation.
- Figure 3.
Top, left, The results from the lesion-recovery analysis showing where cortical damage (red color scale) had a particularly negative effect on improved naming. Top, right, The bar graph depicts improvement in naming for those patients whose lesion did (A, red bar) or did not (B, gray bar) at least partially include the posterior areas highlighted in the four axial images on the left. The y-axis denotes changed scores for improved naming and the error bars depict SE. The red bar on the left includes data corresponding to change in correct naming for patients (mean naming improvement = 0.93, SD = 2.13, range = −1.64–4.88) whose brain damage at least partially included the posterior lesion shown in the four axial images in the top panel. The gray bar on the right corresponds to patients (mean naming improvement = 8.33, SD = 8.4, range = −2.73–27) whose lesion did not include the same posterior region. A post hoc t test (two-tailed) revealed a significant difference in improved naming among the two groups (t(24) = 2.96, p = 0.007). Bottom, a, Lesion overlay map from the 12 patients whose lesion at least partially included the posterior areas (as shown by the red bar in the graph) (greatest lesion overlay overlap in BA 37). b, Corresponding lesion overlay maps for the 14 patients whose same area was spared (as shown by the gray bar in the graph) (greatest lesion overlap in the posterior portion of BA 48). The color scale for the lesion overlay map has an upper limit of 11, representing the greatest overlap among the patients.
Tables
- Table 1.
Local maxima (voxels with the highest Z score) for different activation clusters revealed in the fMRI analysis and the lesion-recovery analysis
Anatomical brain location Z Coordinates in MNI space BA Number with damage Number with activation change x y z Local maxima for the fMRI analysis Posterior cluster (n = 1697) Superior parietal lobule 3.11 −30 −70 48 7 1 6 Precuneus 3.06 −12 −64 48 7 1 5 Inferior parietal lobule 3.01 −48 −40 48 40 4 5 Anterior cluster (n = 954) Middle frontal gyrus 2.96 −20 28 36 9 2 5 Pars opercularis 2.92 −38 13 31 44 3 5 Precentral gyrus 2.87 −32 4 36 6 7 4 Local maximum for the lesion-recovery analysis (n = 697) Posterior temporal lobe 2.20 −36 −66 16 37, 39 9 – -
n, Number of voxels included in each cluster; Z, value for the voxel with the highest Z score in the listed cortical area. N with damage shows the number of patients with damage at the listed MNI coordinate; N with activation change shows the number of patients who had a greater activation change than Z = 1.0 at the given anatomical location (designated by the standard coordinate).
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