The Embodiment of Emotional Feelings in the Brain

Neil A. Harrison; Marcus A. Gray; Peter J. Gianaros; Hugo D. Critchley

doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1725-10.2010

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Figure 1.
Insula activations to core and BBV disgust. A , Core greater than BBV disgust. B , BBV greater than core disgust. Contrast estimates show activations in circled right ventral and dorsal insula, respectively, in order (left to right): high core, low core, high BBV, and low BBV disgust. Activations are illustrated at p < 0.005.
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Figure 2.
Conjunction of experienced disgust and tachygastria. Brain regions activated to experienced disgust (both core and BBV) are shown in yellow, and tachygastric response (both core and BBV) is shown in blue. Commonly activated regions are illustrated in green. Activations are illustrated at p < 0.005.
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Figure 3.
Conjunction of experienced BBV disgust and peripheral physiology. Shown are brain regions correlating with the magnitude of experienced BBV disgust (yellow) and 1/high-frequency (parasympathetic) cardiac power [1/HFP (high frequency power); red] and tachygastria (blue) with commonly activated regions to magnitude of BBV disgust (orange) and 1/HFP and tachygastria (green). Inset, Bar graphs show the contrast estimates (±90% confidence interval) for the left dorsal anterior insula for (from left to right) experience of core disgust, experience of BBV disgust (both in yellow), and correlation with 1/HFP to core disgust and BBV disgust videos (both in red).
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Figure 4.
Conjunction of experienced core disgust and peripheral physiology. Shown are brain regions correlating with the magnitude of experienced core disgust (yellow) and 1/low frequency (sympathetic) cardiac power (1/LFP; red) and tachygastria (blue) with commonly activated regions to core disgust and 1/LFP (orange) and tachygastria (green). Inset, Bar graphs show the contrast estimates (±90% confidence interval) for the right dorsal insula for (from left to right) experience of core disgust, experience of BBV disgust (both in yellow), and correlation with tachygastria to core disgust and BBV disgust videos (both in red).

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Table 1.

Subjective experience of disgust ^a

Side region (MNI)	x	y	z	Z score	k	Uncorrected p
L Anterior insula	−38	8	14	4.40	223	<0.001
R Anterior insula	34	8	2	4.29	187	<0.001
L Anterior insula	−28	24	4	4.11	60	<0.001
L Posterior insula	−30	−16	16	3.43	7	<0.001
R Primary motor cortex	30	−20	58	3.78	14	<0.001
L Primary motor cortex	−32	−14	40	3.52	12	<0.001
L Postcentral gyrus	−42	−18	44	3.40	16	<0.001
L Precuneus	−4	−50	58	3.55	13	<0.001
L DLPFC	−38	42	32	3.53	14	<0.001
R DLPFC	40	48	28	4.37	106	<0.001
R+L Dorsomedial thalamus	0	−2	4	3.53	22	<0.001
L Putamen	−18	10	−4	3.48	30	<0.001

↵ ^a Brain regions correlating with the magnitude of experienced disgust across both modalities. Significant activations in the insula and corresponding cluster size are shown in bold. Extra-insula regions of ≥10 contiguous voxels at an uncorrected p < 0.001 are reported. L, Left; R, right; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

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Table 2.

Conjunction of tachygastria and experienced disgust ^a

Side region (MNI)	x	y	z	Z score	k	Uncorrected p	FDR p
L Posterior insula	−30	−16	20	4.67	45	<0.001	<0.003
L+R aMCC/pMCC	0	0	36	4.41	106	<0.001	<0.003
L Precentral gyrus	−38	−10	44	4.20	217	<0.001	<0.003
L Anterior insula	−36	2	10	4.01	204	<0.001	<0.003
R Anterior insula	30	10	14	4.00	221	<0.001	<0.003
L Insula/SII	−50	−6	4	3.92	220	<0.001	<0.003
L Thalamus	−12	−18	0	3.90	14	<0.001	<0.003
L Frontal lobe	−14	−6	60	3.67	17	<0.001	<0.003
L Occipital lobe	−16	−80	28	3.45	16	<0.001	<0.004
L Frontal lobe	−16	−10	70	3.34	10	<0.001	<0.005
R Fusiform gyrus	38	−66	−18	3.04	20	<0.001	<0.008
R DM thalamus	6	−22	16	2.97	14	<0.001	<0.009
L Parietal lobe	−36	−48	36	2.96	37	<0.002	<0.009
R Thalamus	16	−12	8	2.86	10	<0.002	<0.011

↵ ^a Conjunction performed by masking activations to tachygastria (threshold, p < 0.005) with activations to experienced disgust (threshold, p < 0.005). Regions of ≥10 contiguous voxels at FDR < 0.05 reported. aMCC, Anterior medial cingulate cortex; pMCC, posterior cingulate cortex; DM, dorsomedial.

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Table 3.
Conjunction of experienced core disgust and tachygastria ^a

Side region (MNI) x y z Z score k Uncorrected p FDR p
L Dorsal midinsula −36 4 12 4.56 22 <0.001 <0.001
R Dorsal anterior insula 34 10 10 3.70 35 <0.001 <0.001
L aMCC −12 24 30 2.96 10 <0.002 <0.003

↵ ^a Conjunction performed by masking activations to tachygastria (threshold, p < 0.001) with activations to intensity of experienced core disgust (threshold, p < 0.005). No region significantly correlated with core disgust and normogastria/cardiac high frequency power/cardiac low frequency power or inversely with tachygastria. aMCC, Anterior medial cingulate cortex.
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Table 4.
Conjunction of experienced boundary–violation disgust and inverse HFP ^a

Side region (MNI) x y z Z score k Uncorrected p FDR p
R Primary motor cortex 32 −20 60 3.79 15 <0.001 <0.013
L Anterior insula −30 26 2 3.19 23 <0.001 <0.017

↵ ^a Conjunction performed by masking activations to inverse HFP (threshold, p < 0.001) with activations to intensity of experienced BBV disgust (threshold, p < 0.005). No regions correlated with BBV disgust and normogastria, cardiac low frequency power, positively with cardiac high frequency power (HFP), or inversely with tachygastria.