Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Mean principal frequency component (i.e., modulation rate) of each stimulus type's acoustic envelope, within each presentation rate. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
- Figure 2.
Voxels more active (p < 0.005) for sentences versus rest (red), melodies versus rest (blue), and overlap between the two (yellow). A, Across all presentation rates. B, Also across all presentation rates, but with the envelope modulation rate information included as a covariate in the regression analysis.
- Figure 3.
Voxels more active for sentences than melodies (warm colors), and more active for melodies than sentences (cool colors) with the envelope modulation rate covariate, p < 0.005.
- Figure 4.
Top, Voxels more active for sentences than scrambled sentences (red), and more active for melodies than rest (blue), with the envelope modulation rate covariate, p < 0.005. Bottom, Mean peak amplitudes for each stimulus type, at each presentation rate for the left anterior temporal ROI, which was more active for sentences than scrambled sentences. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
- Figure 5.
Overlap (red) of voxels passing threshold for both the sentences > scrambled sentences and for the melodies > rest repeated-measures t tests, with the envelope modulation rate covariate, p < 0.005.
- Figure 6.
A, Voxels whose activation is sensitive to the envelope modulation rates of sentences, scrambled sentences, and melodies, respectively, p < 0.005. Voxels sensitive to both sentences' and scrambled sentences' rates are also displayed (yellow). B, Voxels whose activation is more sensitive to the envelope modulation rate of the sentences than the scrambled sentences (red) and more sensitive to the envelope modulation rate of sentences than melodies (blue), respectively, p < 0.005. Regions of overlap for the two contrasts are also displayed (yellow).
Tables
- Table 1.
Summary of descriptive statistics and independent-samples t test (df = 82) comparing the mean peak modulation rate of each stimulus type's acoustic envelopes
M SD t p Slow (−30%) presentation rate Sentences 0.98 0.59 Melodies 0.86 0.60 Scrambled sentences 1.52 0.32 Sentences versus scrambled sentences 11.6 <0.00001 Sentences versus melodies 3.35 0.0012 Normal rate Sentences 1.26 0.78 Melodies 1.20 0.82 Scrambled sentences 2.13 0.42 Sentences versus scrambled sentences 14.1 <0.00001 Sentences versus melodies 0.34 0.73 Fast (+30% normal) rate Sentences 1.60 0.90 Melodies 1.60 1.05 Scrambled sentences 2.79 0.52 Sentences versus scrambled sentences 12.1 <0.00001 Sentences versus melodies 0.01 0.99 - Table 2.
Talairach coordinates for voxel clusters that passed threshold (p < 0.005) for the listed contrasts, averaged across trials and subjects
Region Brodmann area(s) Center of mass Peak t score in ROI for contrast x y z t score x y z With no frequency covariate Sentences > rest L STG/MTG/TTG 21/22/41/42 −55 −11 3 9.33 −60 −9 5 L STG/MTG/TTG 21/22 −53 −44 9 4.77 −57 −36 9 L PCG 6 −31 0 30 3.78 −31 2 27 L MFG 9 −25 32 25 4.03 −21 35 23 R STG/MTG 21/22/41/42 58 −14 0 7.65 59 −6 −4 R MFG 9 18 32 26 3.72 29 36 13 Melodies > rest L STG/TTG/insula/PCG 13/22/40/41/42 −48 −19 9 10.62 −46 −20 7 R STG/TTG/insula/PCG 13/22/40/41/42 49 −14 5 12.13 51 −4 2 Overlap of sentences > rest and melodies > rest L STG/TTG 22/41 −51 −17 6 L STG 22 −55 −38 11 R STG/TTG 22/41 56 −16 5 With frequency covariate Sentences > rest L STG/MTG 22 −53 −13 5 8.7 −63 −19 4 R STG/MTG 22 58 −15 1 16.5 60 −15 0 Melodies > rest L insula/STG/TTG 13/22/41 −43 −15 7 9.92 −43 −3 −1 R insula/TTG/STG 13/22/41 46 −7 6 6.8 45 −1 −4 Overlap of sentences > rest and melodies > rest L STG/TTG 22/41 −43 −21 9 R STG 22 49 −14 8 Sentences > melodies L STG/MTG 22 −56 −16 0 5.7 −61 −13 1 L STG 38/22 −52 7 −3 4.45 −52 9 −5 L PHG 20 −36 −9 −30 3.6 −35 −11 −30 R STG/MTG 21/22 57 −12 −2 4.88 63 −5 −2 R caudate — 19 −23 21 3.75 19 −25 23 Melodies > sentences L insula 13 −44 −3 1 4.34 −43 −3 1 L thalamus — −11 −3 5 4.32 −7 −3 3 L SFG 9 −21 53 29 5.05 −21 59 29 L MFG/SFG 6 −21 16 55 4.86 −17 16 54 R insula 13 42 −2 −4 5.88 43 −2 −6 R IPL/PCG 40 63 −26 22 4.39 64 −25 21 Sentences > scrambled sentences L STG 22 −53 −2 −4 23.05 −54 9 −5 L STG/MTG 21/22 −59 −21 2 20.59 −62 −17 5 L STG/MTG 21/22/37 −55 −47 1 12.94 −54 −48 −3 R STG 21/22 46 −44 11 8.12 39 −44 13 R MTG 21 56 −31 −2 8.88 56 −33 −3 R STG/MTG 21/22 58 −2 −4 21.06 65 −1 2 R MFG 10 34 47 −4 8.85 29 47 −7 Overlap of sentences > scramb. sent. and sentences > melodies L STG 22/38 −53 7 −4 L STG 22 −55 −5 0 L STG/MTG 21/22 −57 −21 4 L MTG 21 −57 −35 2 R STG/MTG 21/22 53 −25 −2 R STG 22 57 −3 2 R caudate — 19 −24 24 -
STG, Superior temporal gyrus; MTG, middle temporal gyrus; TTG, transverse temporal gyrus; PCG, precentral gyrus; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; PHG, parahippocampal gyrus; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; IPL, intraparietal lobule; L, left; R, right; scramb. sent., scrambled sentences.
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- Table 3.
Talairach coordinates for voxel clusters that passed threshold (p < 0.005) for being significantly modulated by the envelope modulation rate of a given stimulus type, or for a contrast of modulation rate between two stimulus types
Stimulus type(s) Region Brodmann area(s) Center of mass Peak t score in ROI for contrast x y z t score x y z Sentences L STG/MTG 22 −57 −11 4 9.33 −61 −9 4 R STG/MTG 21/22 57 −15 −2 7.65 59 −7 −2 R MFG 10 33 45 10 3.63 33 43 10 Melodies L insula/STG 13/22 −43 −5 2 6.54 −45 −3 2 L IPL 40 −53 −33 32 4.92 −51 −33 30 L MFG 9 −25 35 26 4.76 −27 33 38 L STG/MTG 21/22 −60 −14 −1 −6.74 −65 −14 1 L STG/MTG 21/22 −61 −40 2 −4.89 −62 −32 −10 L MFG 10 −37 47 −6 −4.31 −37 47 −10 L SFG 9 −13 57 32 −4.05 −15 59 32 R insula/STG 13/22 44 2 −5 5.28 45 4 −5 R STG 38 35 6 −19 4.99 36 6 −19 R STG/MTG 21/22 52 −13 −3 −4.75 50 −20 −2 R MFG 10 35 56 −3 −4.3 35 56 0 R SFG 10 7 69 9 −5.14 12 69 8 Scrambled sentences L STG/TTG 22/42 −57 −8 9 8.23 −56 −9 5 L STG/MTG 22 −59 −36 9 5.1 −59 −34 11 R STG/MTG 21/22 58 −15 1 6.44 59 −15 −1 Overlap of sentences and scramb. sent. L STG/MTG 22 −55 −11 4 R STG/MTG 21/22 59 −15 2 Sentences > melodies L STG/MTG 21/22 −53 −27 2 9.23 −59 −13 2 L STG 22 −53 7 −10 5.32 −55 10 −10 L STG 38 −45 21 −16 4.38 −42 21 −16 L IFG 45/44/9 −55 13 22 3.78 −56 14 23 L IFG 47 −42 24 0 3.55 −43 25 −1 R STG/MTG 21/22 53 −21 −4 7.29 59 −7 −1 R STG 38 47 13 −16 3.75 47 15 −18 Melodies > sentences L insula 13 −41 −4 −2 6.78 −41 −3 −2 R insula 13 43 0 −2 7.32 43 −1 −4 Sentences > scramb. sent. L STG/MTG 1 −57 −6 −3 6.01 −58 1 −4 L STG/MTG 38 −34 15 −31 5 −34 4 −29 L SFG/MeFG 10 −14 54 4 6.74 −19 54 4 R STG/MTG 21/38 45 11 −18 4.93 44 11 −17 R MFG/SFG 10 18 49 4 6.36 21 49 2 R MFG 8 30 18 44 5.31 31 13 42 R PCG 6 43 −12 29 3.86 43 −12 30 R IFG 47 27 27 −4 8.99 26 31 −9 Overlap of sentences > scramb. sent. and sentences >melodies L STG/MTG 21/22/38 −52 8 −9 L STG/MTG 21/22 −53 −10 −6 R STG/MTG 21/22 57 −2 −5 R STG 38 46 15 −18 -
MeFG, Medial frontal gyrus. Other abbreviations are as in Table 2.
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