Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Experimental paradigm and motor output for an example subject. The timeline of a trial with its key events are shown in A. Motor output as measured with strain gauges (force signal) and surface EMG is shown in B. Only trials that required a response with the left hand are shown. The gray lines show time courses of single trial activity; the black lines represent the average. The three columns represent the physiological data time locked to three key events in the trial [i.e., the start of the wrist extension (left column), the onset of the visual stimulus (middle column), and the speed change of the stimulus (right column)]. The key events are denoted by the solid vertical lines.
- Figure 2.
Selection of sensors of interest for corticomuscular coherence analysis. Spatial topographies (A, B) and spectral signatures (C, D) of corticomuscular coherence obtained during a preexperiment recording with unimanual contractions, for the left wrist extension (A, C) and the right wrist extension (B, D). Coherence spectra were spatially Z scored before averaging across subjects. Selected sensors of interest are shown as white circles on the topographies.
- Figure 3.
Spatially specific readiness effect on corticomuscular coherence in a representative single subject. Raw coherence spectra are shown for the two corticospinal connections [right primary motor cortex (M1) to left arm muscle (A, C) and left M1 to right arm muscle (B, D)] in the two response conditions [response left (A, B) and response right (C, D)]. The thick black lines represent the situation in which the respective corticospinal connection was cued for the response. E, Z-transformed coherence difference between the cued and uncued conditions, for the left response side (gray line) and the right response side (black line).
- Figure 4.
Spatially specific readiness effect on corticomuscular coherence across subjects. Z-transformed differences in corticomuscular coherence between the cued and uncued conditions for the left response side (gray line) and the right response side (black line), pooled across subjects (A). Results of statistical analysis across subjects after pooling the left and right response sides (B). Scatterplot showing for each of the corticospinal connections the corticomuscular coherence (averaged between 35 and 52 Hz) for the cued versus the uncued conditions (C). Source analysis results of the readiness effect on gamma-band corticomuscular coherence, showing the statistically significant cluster (D).
- Figure 5.
Response cue induced changes in beta-band activity after spectral stratification for the EMG power. A, Pooled t spectra of the power difference between cue left and right conditions during the stimulus interval, averaged across significant clusters of sensors (p < 0.05, corrected), as highlighted in the topography (inset). Red line, Left hemisphere cluster. Blue line, Right hemisphere cluster. Source analysis results of the response cue induced modulation in beta-band (20 Hz) activity (B). Visual stimulus induced changes in beta-band activity for the cue left condition (C, E) and the cue right condition (D, F), suggestive of a cue-dependent asymmetric decrease in beta-band oscillatory activity. Pooled t spectra were averaged across the highlighted sensors in the corresponding topographies (C, D). Source analysis results of stimulus-induced changes in oscillatory activity at 20 Hz (E, F).
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