Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Factorial design and example of stimuli. Participants were shown a series of 3 s video clips where an actress did a head movement and a hand movement. Only the last frame of each video is illustrated here. Participants were required to make the same prespecified response (either OPEN or CLOSE hand) in every stimulus trial in a block, as quickly as possible after the actor's hand in video clips began to move. In catch trails where the actress remained with her hand still, they had to keep their right hand still but press the scanner button box with their left hand, as soon as they saw a small white box appear on the actress' hand. Each movie was defined with respect to the gaze direction and congruency between the hand movement performed by the actress and the participant's prespecified response. As such, each trial fell into a 2 × 3 factorial design for direct or averted gaze, congruent, incongruent, or catch trial.
- Figure 2.
Brain regions showing increased activations for the hand movement task (a), the simple effect of inhibition of mimicry (b), the simple effect of eye contact (c), and the interaction of gaze and mimicry (d). Coordinates are listed in Table 1.
- Figure 3.
DCM inputs. a, Region selection and time series extraction from 17 subjects. Each white point indicates the center of the 5 mm radius sphere where data were extracted for one participant. b, Anatomical criteria used to define the intrinsic connectivity structure. c, The new matrix design for DCM. Only two critical factors were analyzed in DCM: hand movement task and interaction. d, The model space of all 12 models was considered in the DCM analysis.
- Figure 4.
Activations in mPFC. a, Mapping of activations of the inhibition of mimicry and the eye contact effect in current study. Areas with red color represent the simple effect of the inhibition of mimicry. Areas with cyan color represent the simple effect of eye contact. White region is the overlap of the two activations. Bold black line represents the functional border between posterior and anterior mPFC in the review article by Amodio and Frith (2006). b, Comparisons of mPFC activation for the mimicry–gaze interaction between the current study and two related studies. The blue region represents the mPFC activation for interaction in the current study. The red region represents the mPFC activation for the eye contact effect in Kampe et al. (2003). The cyan region represents the mPFC activation for the inhibition of mimicry in Brass et al. (2001). The white region was the overlap of the two past studies. c, Parameter estimates (SPM βs) for mPFC activations emerged from the interaction contrast in each experimental condition.
- Figure 5.
The optimal model selected by the FFX analysis (a) and RFX analysis (b). The left graph in each analysis showed the parameters for the optimal model, model 4. Values are the across-subjects mean (SD) of rate constants for intrinsic connections, direct effects of extrinsic inputs, and modulatory effects on a certain connection, estimated by DCM10 (p < 0.05 in t test indicated by solid lines). The right graph in each analysis showed the results of Bayesian model selection. The relative group model evidence (a) and model exceedance probability (b) is the highest for model 4.
Tables
- Table 1.
Cortical activation for the hand movement task, inhibition of mimicry, eye contact effect, and the interaction between mimicry and eye contact
Region Number of voxels t test p cluster corrected (FWE) MNI coordinates x y z Hand movement task Cong > Catch Primary motor cortex and Cerebellum, extended to whole parietal and temporal lobe 179884 19.07 <0.001 −39 −19 55 21 −52 −29 −24 −10 1 Inferior frontal gyrus 150 10.82 <0.001 −42 32 −20 −48 26 −11 −45 38 1 Temporal pole/ middle temporal gyrus 82 6.32 0.006 51 11 −38 Fusiform gyrus 75 4.08 0.038 −45 −40 −26 Incong > Catch Cerebellum and Primary motor cortex, extended to whole parietal and temporal lobe 215881 21.23 <0.001 15 −52 −26 24 −52 −32 −39 −19 55 Inferior frontal gyrus 79 10.13 0.003 −54 23 13 Temporal pole/middle temporal gyrus 65 5.00 0.034 51 8 −41 45 14 −44 Inhibition of mimicry Main effect: Incong > Cong Inferior parietal lobe 137 5.22 <0.001 −54 −25 46 −45 −31 37 −30 −25 55 Cuneus 96 3.88 0.037 6 −76 10 −3 −94 10 9 −88 19 Simple effect: Averted-Incong > averted-Cong Medial prefrontal cortex 753 8.83 <0.001 9 44 31 9 41 22 15 53 22 Temporal-parietal junction 121 7.64 <0.001 63 −49 28 57 −46 13 63 −46 37 Middle occipital gyrus 451 6.77 <0.001 18 −100 16 3 −79 10 −9 −79 7 Middle temporal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus 138 6.34 0.002 −36 −31 10 −51 −25 −5 −42 −31 −8 Temporal pole 112 5.96 0.005 −45 11 −14 −54 5 −2 Inferior frontal gyrus 113 5.40 <0.001 42 20 −8 39 23 4 Cingulate and precuneus 204 5.30 <0.001 −9 −22 43 0 −19 46 21 −34 49 Middle frontal gyrus 96 5.29 0.005 24 20 49 30 23 58 Cerebellum and thalamus 288 5.11 <0.001 6 −16 4 24 −22 4 −6 −16 −2 Primary motor cortex and Inferior parietal lobe 60 4.86 0.020 −39 −25 40 −48 −25 40 −39 −28 28 Cuneus 155 4.44 <0.001 6 −79 37 6 −79 49 −6 −70 46 Superior parietal lobe 61 3.82 0.048 0 −49 58 −3 −49 49 Eye contact effect Simple effect: Direct-Cong > Averted-Cong Medial prefrontal cortex 45 7.37 <0.001 9 −10 1 47 5.64 <0.001 15 44 13 Superior temporal sulcus/ Middle temporal gyrus 77 7.19 <0.001 48 −46 1 48 −40 −5 51 −31 −11 Inferior parietal lobe 84 6.70 <0.001 51 −46 49 54 −49 49 45 −70 40 Interaction (Direct-Cong > Direct-Incong) > (Averted-Cong > Averted-Incong) Superior temporal sulcus 53 7.12 <0.001 −48 −19 −2 −51 −28 −2 −57 −34 4 Medial prefrontal cortex 128 6.76 <0.001 6 44 34 15 44 16 Inferior frontal gyrus 94 6.22 <0.001 45 26 −17 39 26 −23 24 14 −26 -
Only regions surviving a whole-brain voxel-level threshold of p <0.001 and 30 voxels and a FWE cluster-corrected level threshold of p <0.05 are reported. Subpeaks >8 mm from the main peak in each cluster are listed.
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