Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Study design and memory task. A, There were four groups. For the Sleep and Wake groups, the Encoding and Recognition Phases were separated by 12 h. The Morning and Evening control groups performed these phases within a session, ∼45 min apart. B, The task was an incidental memory task. During the Encoding Phase, participants viewed 60 pictures and rated the valence and arousal of each picture. During the Recognition Phase, participants viewed 60 target pictures intermingled with 120 foil pictures. Following the presentation of each picture, participants rated valence and arousal and made a yes/no memory judgment.
- Figure 2.
Performance and sleep physiology measures. A, Hit rate in Session 2. B, ΔValence was computed as the SAM Valence ratings for Session 2 minus SAM valence ratings for Session 1. C, ΔArousal was computed as the SAM Arousal rating for Session 2 minus SAM Arousal rating for Session 1 (error bars indicate SE). D, Relationship between REM and ΔValence was significant. The percentage of the third quarter of the night spent in REM (REM3%) negatively correlated with ΔValence for negative items.
Tables
Valence Arousal Targets Foils Targets Foils Negative Norms Range 1.51–3.25 1.52–3.42 3.18–7.64 2.34–6.53 Mean (SEM) 2.28 (0.12) 2.67 (0.12) 5.56 (0.37) 4.48 (0.31) Session 1, Mean (SEM) Sleep 1.72 (0.06) 6.32 (0.22) Wake 1.77 (0.09) 5.54 (0.38) Evening 1.72 (0.13) 7.05 (0.18) Morning 1.64 (0.11) 6.56 (0.36) Session 2, Mean (SEM) Sleep 2.11 (0.09) 1.89 (0.07) 5.72 (0.23) 5.93 (0.27) Wake 2.41 (0.12) 2.14 (0.09) 4.37 (0.34) 4.91 (0.46) Evening 2.18 (0.15) 2.03 (0.11) 6.98 (0.24) 6.81 (0.25) Morning 2.29 (0.14) 1.92 (0.15) 6.40 (0.33) 5.93 (0.52) Neutral Norms Range 4.99–5.99 4.90–5.64 1.19–4.25 1.17–4.27 Mean (SEM) 5.48 (0.09) 5.27 (0.07) 2.23 (0.26) 2.32 (0.26) Session 1, Mean (SEM) Sleep 5.02 (0.02) 2.28 (0.15) Wake 5.04 (0.02) 2.59 (0.27) Evening 5.32 (0.09) Morning 5.36 (0.11) Session 2, Mean (SEM) Sleep 4.88 (0.04) 4.91 (0.02) 2.15 (0.12) 2.12 (0.15) Wake 4.90 (0.06) 4.93 (0.04) 2.36 (0.23) 2.52 (0.30) Evening 5.29 (0.09) 4.91 (0.03) 2.33 (0.34) 2.42 (0.29) Morning 4.96 (0.12) 4.90 (0.04) 2.14 (0.36) 2.32 (0.36) Mean SEM F Hit rate (%) Negative Sleep 82.26 1.41 5.53* Wake 76.17 2.15 Evening 87.42 2.57 3.27 Morning 81.66 2.46 Neutral Sleep 74.00 1.85 8.51** Wake 64.46 2.83 Evening 80.91 2.57 0.67 Morning 77.43 3.38 False alarms (%) Negative Sleep 16.47 1.41 2.32 Wake 19.85 1.48 Evening 12.12 2.57 0.49 Morning 11.56 2.16 Neutral Sleep 14.70 1.09 6.74* Wake 19.52 1.51 Evening 12.41 2.16 0.49 Morning 10.80 3.11 - Table 3.
Correlations between REM sleep measures and memory, ΔValence, and ΔArousal for negative pictures
Hit rate ΔValence ΔArousal Total REM% r −0.09 −0.15 0.06 p 0.67 0.48 0.78 REM3% r −0.23 −0.41* 0.22 p 0.27 0.04 0.29 REM4% r 0.09 −0.08 0.01 p 0.65 0.69 0.97 Total SWS% r −0.26 −0.02 0.04 p 0.21 0.92 0.86 SWS1% r 0.02 −0.02 0.18 p 0.93 0.94 0.40 SWS2% r −0.17 0.04 0.05 p 0.41 0.84 0.82 Total REM% = percentage of the night in rapid eye movement sleep; REM3% = percentage of the third quarter of the night in REM; REM4% = percentage of the fourth quarter of the night in REM; Total SWS% = percentage of the night in slow wave sleep; SWS1% = percentage of the first quarter of the night in SWS; SWS2% = percentage of the second quarter of the night in SWS.
↵*p < 0.05, two-tailed Pearson correlation.
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