A Little Goes a Long Way: How the Adult Brain Is Shaped by Musical Training in Childhood

Erika Skoe; Nina Kraus

doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1949-12.2012

Article Information

DOI

https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1949-12.2012

PubMed

22915097

Published By

Society for Neuroscience

History

Received April 19, 2012
Revision received June 4, 2012
Accepted June 11, 2012
First published August 22, 2012.

Version of record published August 22, 2012.

Author Information

Erika Skoe¹,² and
Nina Kraus¹,²,³,⁴,⁵

¹Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory,
²Department of Communication Sciences,
³Institute for Neuroscience,
⁴Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, and
⁵Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208

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Author contributions

Author contributions: E.S. and N.K. designed research; E.S. performed research; E.S. analyzed data; E.S. and N.K. wrote the paper.

Disclosures

Received April 19, 2012.
Revision received June 4, 2012.
Accepted June 11, 2012.

This work was supported by Grants NSF-SBE0842376, NSF-BCS0921275, and the Knowles Hearing Center at Northwestern University. We thank Emily Spitzer, Trent Nicol, Jessica Slater, Adam Tierney, and Dana Strait for their input on the manuscript and experimental design.
The authors declare no financial conflicts of interest.
Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Nina Kraus, Northwestern University, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208. nkraus{at}northwestern.edu

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	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Aug 2012	7157	230	746
Sep 2012	2691	97	206
Oct 2012	1495	73	186
Nov 2012	852	77	88
Dec 2012	388	29	31
Total 2012	12583	506	1257
Jan 2013	693	28	55
Feb 2013	753	79	117
Mar 2013	1866	332	365
Apr 2013	526	486	185
May 2013	394	124	235
Jun 2013	628	112	184
Jul 2013	363	76	85
Aug 2013	321	68	76
Sep 2013	534	123	228
Oct 2013	492	155	149
Nov 2013	1109	273	280
Dec 2013	406	150	121
Total 2013	8085	2006	2080
Jan 2014	434	125	88
Feb 2014	489	182	267
Mar 2014	378	225	132
Apr 2014	365	218	150
May 2014	243	110	109
Jun 2014	209	105	62
Jul 2014	182	82	69
Aug 2014	176	82	95
Sep 2014	360	198	153
Oct 2014	304	114	168
Nov 2014	334	201	158
Dec 2014	338	115	117
Total 2014	3812	1757	1568
Jan 2015	264	139	86
Feb 2015	374	220	159
Mar 2015	464	235	212
Apr 2015	510	225	203
May 2015	345	157	152
Jun 2015	239	94	128
Jul 2015	1603	254	72
Aug 2015	331	123	69
Sep 2015	396	144	113
Oct 2015	647	235	154
Nov 2015	807	236	187
Dec 2015	673	248	114
Total 2015	6653	2310	1649
Jan 2016	625	226	163
Feb 2016	728	372	157
Mar 2016	598	394	175
Apr 2016	750	391	218
May 2016	566	271	144
Jun 2016	466	277	72
Jul 2016	466	209	52
Aug 2016	452	239	45
Sep 2016	438	387	82
Oct 2016	583	405	144
Nov 2016	545	480	157
Dec 2016	366	324	148
Total 2016	6583	3975	1557
Jan 2017	98	177	40
Feb 2017	118	243	64
Mar 2017	121	377	74
Apr 2017	140	278	79
May 2017	135	304	73
Jun 2017	87	157	24
Jul 2017	158	152	21
Aug 2017	64	122	25
Sep 2017	96	189	41
Oct 2017	113	259	54
Nov 2017	124	362	99
Dec 2017	97	252	54
Total 2017	1351	2872	648
Jan 2018	93	254	50
Feb 2018	101	243	50
Mar 2018	124	380	60
Apr 2018	145	432	73
May 2018	139	262	91
Jun 2018	118	276	50
Jul 2018	70	226	48
Aug 2018	73	114	39
Sep 2018	110	201	52
Oct 2018	155	304	106
Nov 2018	157	568	95
Dec 2018	64	220	61
Total 2018	1349	3480	775
Jan 2019	87	173	44
Feb 2019	148	262	77
Mar 2019	99	289	120
Apr 2019	86	364	144
May 2019	97	317	110
Jun 2019	38	100	29
Jul 2019	29	143	33
Aug 2019	32	144	36
Sep 2019	67	311	67
Oct 2019	74	375	99
Nov 2019	72	414	97
Dec 2019	52	257	47
Total 2019	881	3149	903
Jan 2020	50	147	32
Feb 2020	140	221	59
Mar 2020	81	193	46
Apr 2020	81	325	50
May 2020	56	271	28
Jun 2020	63	161	27
Jul 2020	45	78	28
Aug 2020	33	81	34
Sep 2020	59	139	42
Oct 2020	97	167	82
Nov 2020	86	152	53
Dec 2020	87	121	37
Total 2020	878	2056	518
Jan 2021	70	137	29
Feb 2021	100	131	53
Mar 2021	98	218	72
Apr 2021	87	259	61
May 2021	94	145	43
Jun 2021	31	100	24
Jul 2021	49	82	29
Aug 2021	57	104	34
Sep 2021	75	167	58
Oct 2021	106	207	65
Nov 2021	132	262	72
Dec 2021	69	103	35
Total 2021	968	1915	575
Jan 2022	62	98	16
Feb 2022	105	163	47
Mar 2022	105	175	95
Apr 2022	94	174	68
May 2022	65	102	44
Jun 2022	36	44	13
Total 2022	467	756	283
Total	43610	24782	11813