Abstract
Transcription of the gene encoding Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) is induced in response to a wide variety of extracellular stimuli via the activation of a complex array of transcription factors. However, to what degree individual transcription factors confer specificity upon the regulation of Bdnf is poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that members of the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) transcription factor family bind a regulatory element upstream of Bdnf promoter I and associate with an unknown binding site in Bdnf promoter IV. Here we identify calcium-response element 1 as the MEF2 binding site in promoter IV of the Bdnf gene and determine the requirements for individual MEF2 family members in Bdnf regulation. MEF2A, MEF2C, and MEF2D are all highly expressed in embryonic rat cortical neurons; however, only the Mef2c gene encodes an MEF2 splice variant that lacks the γ repressor-domain. We find that MEF2C variants lacking the γ-domain are particularly sensitive to activation by membrane depolarization, raising the possibility that the MEF2s may differentially contribute to activity-regulated gene expression. We find that only knockdown of MEF2C significantly impairs membrane depolarization-induced expression of Bdnf exon IV. By contrast, knockdown of MEF2D significantly enhanced depolarization-induced expression of Bdnf exon I. Together, these data show that individual members of the MEF2 family of transcription factors differentially regulate the expression of Bdnf, revealing a new mechanism that may confer specificity on the induction of this biologically important gene.
Introduction
Neuronal activity-regulated gene transcription plays an important role in converting sensory information into long-lasting changes in brain function (Lyons and West, 2011). The gene encoding the secreted neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key player in this process, as it performs essential roles in modulating synaptic development and function (Loebrich and Nedivi, 2009). The Bdnf gene contains nine alternative promoters that are thought to facilitate cell type-, region-, and stimulus-specific regulation of Bdnf transcription (Timmusk et al., 1993; Loebrich and Nedivi, 2009). Promoters I and IV are both highly responsive to neuronal activity; however, transcripts initiated from promoter IV (pIV) are most abundant in developing neurons (Timmusk et al., 1993; Lyons and West, 2011).
Studies examining transcription factor binding sites within pI and pIV of the Bdnf gene have identified multiple calcium response elements (CaREs) that are required for the l-type voltage-gated calcium channel (l-VGCC)-dependent induction of Bdnf expression driven by membrane depolarization (Lyons and West, 2011; Pruunsild et al., 2011). Calcium response factor (CaRF) is a binding protein for the CaRE1 element within Bdnf pIV (Tao et al., 2002), and levels of Bdnf exon IV mRNA are significantly reduced in the cerebral cortex of CaRF knock-out mice (McDowell et al., 2010). However, cultured CaRF knock-out neurons show normal upregulation of Bdnf exon IV in response to membrane depolarization. Thus, these data raised the possibility that additional CaRE1 binding proteins may mediate the activity of this element following membrane depolarization.
In this study, we identify the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) family of transcription factors as mediators of membrane depolarization-inducible, CaRE1-dependent transcription from Bdnf pIV. The MEF2 family is comprised of four separate gene products (MEF2A–D) that are differentially expressed spatially and temporally in the brain (Lyons et al., 1995). MEF2A, MEF2C, and MEF2D are coexpressed in embryonic cortical neurons, and the Mef2c gene encodes multiple MEF2C splice variants that we show are differentially responsive to membrane depolarization. We demonstrate that knockdown of MEF2C selectively reduces membrane depolarization-induced expression of Bdnf exon IV, whereas induction of Bdnf exon I expression is potentiated by knockdown of MEF2D. Our data suggest a novel mechanism of specificity in the transcriptional regulation of Bdnf pIV via the actions of distinct transcription factors within a single family. We propose that this transcriptional diversity may enable neurons to finely tune their cellular responses to environmental stimuli.
Materials and Methods
Plasmids.
Wild-type or CaRE1 mutant Bdnf pIV firefly luciferase reporter plasmids were previously called p3–170Luc and p3–170Luc3–4, respectively (Tao et al., 2002). The following plasmids were previously described: cCaRE, mCaRE, CaRE1 (McDowell et al., 2010), MEF2 response element (MRE) (Flavell et al., 2006), Bdnf pI-Luc (−6143), and pI-Luc (−4495) (Flavell et al., 2008) luciferase reporter plasmids; Gal4 fusions with human MEF2Cα1, MEF2Cα1β, MEF2Cα1γ, MEF2Cα1βγ, or MEF2Cα1βΔγ (Zhu and Gulick, 2004); the UAS-luciferase plasmid (Tao et al., 2002); mammalian expression vectors for CaRF (Tao et al., 2002), MEF2A and MEF2D (Flavell et al., 2006), and CREB (Kornhauser et al., 2002); and the shRNA plasmids targeting mouse MEF2A and MEF2D used in neuronal transfection experiments (Flavell et al., 2006). The Bdnf pIV(ΔCaRE1–2xUAS)-Luc reporter was generated using around the world PCR with primers that replace CaRE1 (GTGTCTATTTGCAGGCAG) with two tandem copies of the UAS (CGGAAGACTCTCCTCCG).
Cell culture, transfection, and luciferase assays.
Neuron-enriched cultures were generated from cortices of male and female P0 Carf+/+ or Carf−/− littermates (McDowell et al., 2010), E16 CD1 mouse embryos (Charles River Laboratories), or E18/19 CD1 rat embryos (Charles River), as described previously (Tao et al., 2002; McDowell et al., 2010). For luciferase assays, neurons or HEK 293T cells (ATCC) were transfected with calcium phosphate (Tao et al., 2002). Cotransfection of TK-renilla luciferase (Promega) was used to control for transfection efficiency and sample handling. For neurons, lysates were harvested on day in vitro 5–6 (DIV5–6) after overnight treatment with 1 μm sodium channel inhibitor TTX (Sigma) ± 6 h exposure to 55 mm extracellular KCl, which activates l-VGCC-dependent transcription of Bdnf (Tao et al., 2002).
Electrophoretic mobility shift assay.
In vitro transcribed/translated MEF2A and MEF2D were incubated with a radiolabeled double-stranded MEF response element (CTCTAAAAATAACCCA) for electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) as described previously (Pfenning et al., 2010). Unlabeled double-stranded competition probes (CaRE1: GTGTCTATTTCGAGGCAGAGGA; cCaRE: GTGTYCARAACGAGGCAGAGG) were added in 10-, 100-, or 1000-fold molar excess. Gels were dried and visualized by PhosphorImager, and shift intensities were quantified relative to probe intensity in the same lane using ImageQuant (GE Healthcare).
RNA interference plasmids and quantitative RT-PCR.
An shRNAmir plasmid targeting rat MEF2C in the doxycycline-inducible lentiviral vector pTRIPZ (V2THS_151686, Thermo Scientific) was used in luciferase assays. Doxycycline 3 μm was added for 72 h after transfection to induce shRNA expression. MEF2 knock-down constructs targeting rat MEF2A, MEF2C, or MEF2D in the vector pLKO.1 (TRCN0000095959, TRCN0000012068, and TRCN0000085268) were obtained (Thermo Scientific) and transfected for luciferase assays or packaged as lentiviral particles in 293T cells. Cultured rat cortical neurons were infected on DIV1. RNA was harvested on DIV7 for cDNA synthesis and quantitative SYBR green PCR (ABI). Intron spanning primers were used for all genes tested. Gapdh mRNA levels were used as a normalizing control. The PCR primers used were as follows: Gapdh: forward, CATGGCCTTCCGTGTTCCT; reverse, TGATGTCATCATACTTGGCAGGTT; Mef2a: forward, TCAAGCCACACAACCTCTTG; reverse, CAGCATTCCAGGGGAAGTAA; Mef2b: forward, AGAGGGTCCTGGAGAGAAGC; reverse, AGGTGGCTCGGAGAGAAGAT; Mef2c: forward, CCAAATCTCCTCCCCCTATG; Mef2cγ: forward, TCAAATCTCTCCCTGCCTTC; reverse, CTCCCATCGTAGGAACTGCT; Mef2d: forward, CAGCAGCCAGCACTACAGAG; reverse, GGCAGGGATGACCTTGTTTA; Fos: forward, TTTATCCCCACGGTGACAGC; reverse, CTGCTCTACTTTGCCCCTTCT; Bdnf exon IV: forward, CGCCATGCAATTTCCACTATCAATAA; reverse, GCCTTCATGCAACCGAAGTATG; and Bdnf exon I: forward, AGTCTCCAGGACAGCAAAGC; reverse, GCCTTCATGCAACCGAAGTA.
Statistics.
All data presented are the average of at least two independent measurements. Data were analyzed by a Student's unpaired t test, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Bar graphs show mean values, and all error bars show SEM.
Results
Membrane depolarization drives CaRE1-dependent transcription of Bdnf exon IV (Tao et al., 2002). Although CaRF binds to CaRE1 (Tao et al., 2002; Pfenning et al., 2010) and CaRF knock-out mice have reduced cortical Bdnf exon IV mRNA levels, loss of CaRF does not impair membrane depolarization-induced Bdnf exon IV transcription (McDowell et al., 2010). To test whether CaRE1 is required for membrane depolarization-induced transcription of Bdnf exon IV in the absence of CaRF, we transfected cultured Carf+/+ or Carf−/− cortical neurons with Bdnf pIV reporter plasmids (Fig. 1A). In both Carf+/+ and Carf−/− neurons, membrane depolarization robustly induced transcription from the wild-type pIV plasmid (Fig. 1B). Mutation of the CaRE1 binding site significantly inhibited membrane depolarization-induced luciferase expression in both Carf+/+ and Carf−/− neurons, demonstrating CaRE1 dependence. These data strongly suggest that CaRE1-binding proteins other than CaRF mediate the activity of this element in response to membrane depolarization.
CaRE1 is required for membrane depolarization-induced activation of Bdnf promoter IV in CaRF knock-out neurons. A, Schematic of the Bdnf pIV-luciferase reporter plasmids used. The numbers indicate the position of the promoter 5′ end relative to the initiation site of transcription. pIV-Luc (Tao et al., 2002) contains the proximal 170 bp of Bdnf pIV; pIV(mCaRE1)-Luc has the CaRE1 site mutated to a sequence that does not bind CaRF. B, Mutation of the CaRE1 element leads to a reduction in membrane depolarization-induced Bdnf pIV activity in both Carf+/+ and Carf−/− cortical neurons. Single pup cultures were independently transfected and treated with KCl. n = 2 KO and 3 WT pups. *p < 0.05, pIV(mCaRE1) compared with pIV.
Alignment of the consensus high-affinity CaRF binding site (cCaRE) (Pfenning et al., 2010) with the Bdnf CaRE1 sequence revealed that the cCaRE closely matches only the 3′ half of CaRE1 (Fig. 2A). By contrast, the 5′ side of CaRE1 aligns well with the consensus binding motif for the MEF2 family of transcription factors (Gossett et al., 1989). MEF2A–D are highly expressed in the nervous system, where they play important roles in neuronal activity-dependent transcription and synaptic development (Shalizi and Bonni, 2005). MEF2 has been shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation to associate with Bdnf pIV in vivo; however, the site of binding was not identified (Hong et al., 2008). Thus, we considered the possibility that MEF2 may bind CaRE1. Recombinant MEF2A/MEF2D heterodimers were tested by competition EMSA for their ability to bind CaRE1. Addition of oligonucleotides containing the CaRE1 site competed binding of MEF2 to a consensus MRE (Gossett et al., 1989), indicating that MEF2 can bind CaRE1 (Fig. 2B,C). Quantification of the competition revealed that a 100-fold excess of unlabeled MRE competed 47.7 ± 5% of the binding to the radiolabeled MRE probe, whereas it took a 1000-fold excess of unlabeled CaRE1 to reach a similar level of competition (48.4 ± 4.3%). Thus, MEF2A/MEF2D has an ∼10-fold higher affinity for the MRE relative to CaRE1. We found that oligonucleotides containing the consensus CaRF binding site, which has no homology to the MEF2 binding site, were unable to compete for MEF2 binding.
MEF2 binds to CaRE1 and drives CaRE1-dependent gene transcription. A, Alignment of the consensus CaRF binding site (Pfenning et al., 2010), the Bdnf pIV CaRE1 element (Tao et al., 2002), and a canonical MRE (Gossett et al., 1989). Vertical lines indicate nucleotide sequences shared with CaRE1. B, MEF2 binds CaRE1. The binding of MEF2A/D heterodimers to a radiolabeled MRE probe was either not competed (−) or competed with the addition of a 10-, 100-, or 1000-fold molar excess of unlabeled MRE, CaRE1, or cCaRE. The right triangles indicate increasing concentrations of unlabeled competitor (Comp), and the arrow indicates the transcription factor–radiolabeled probe complexes. C, MEF2 activates Bdnf exon IV transcription in a CaRE1-dependent manner. A wild-type Bdnf pIV reporter plasmid (pIV-Luc) or a version bearing mutations at CaRE1 [pIV(mCaRE1)-Luc] were transfected into HEK 293T cells with mammalian expression vectors containing CaRF, MEF2A and MEF2D, CREB, or an empty vector control. The bars show the mean values from three independent experiments scaled to the vector control. *p < 0.05, pIV(mCaRE1)-Luc vs pIV-Luc. D, Endogenous MEF2 contributes to CaRE1-dependent transcription in neurons. Luciferase reporter plasmids enhanced by MRE, CaRE1, or cCaRE were transfected into cultured mouse cortical neurons along with shRNA vectors that knock down (KD) MEF2A and MEF2D. An empty shRNA vector (pSuper) was used as a control (Ctrl). The bars show the mean values from three independent experiments scaled to the vector control from each day. *p < 0.05 KD versus Ctrl.
We next asked whether MEF2 can drive CaRE1-dependent Bdnf transcription. Overexpression of either MEF2A/D or CaRF in HEK 293T cells was sufficient to drive expression of luciferase from a wild-type Bdnf pIV reporter plasmid. By contrast, neither MEF2 nor CaRF activated a Bdnf pIV reporter in which the CaRE1 site was mutated, demonstrating the CaRE1 dependence of the activity of both factors at this promoter (Fig. 2C). Transcription from both the wild-type and CaRE1 mutant plasmids was promoted equally by overexpressed CREB, which binds Bdnf pIV at a site (CaRE3/CRE) distinct from CaRE1 (Tao et al., 1998).
To determine whether endogenous MEF2 contributes to CaRE1-dependent transcription in neurons, we assessed the effect of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of neuronal MEF2 on luciferase expression from cotransfected MRE, CaRE1, or cCaRE reporter plasmids. Neurons were transfected with either a control shRNA plasmid, or shRNA-expressing plasmids that knockdown expression of MEF2A and MEF2D (Flavell et al., 2006). Compared with control neurons, knockdown of MEF2 significantly reduced luciferase expression from a reporter enhanced by three copies of the MRE, demonstrating the efficacy of the RNAi (Fig. 2D). Knockdown of MEF2A/MEF2D also significantly reduced luciferase expression from the reporter enhanced by three copies of the wild-type CaRE1 site. By contrast, MEF2 knockdown had no effect on luciferase expression from a reporter enhanced by the consensus CaRF binding site (Fig. 2D). These data implicate MEF2 along with CaRF as a CaRE1-dependent transcriptional regulator in neurons.
Knockdown of MEF2A and MEF2D in cultured hippocampal neurons has previously been shown to reduce l-VGCC-dependent induction of Bdnf (Flavell et al., 2008). However, whereas Mef2a and Mef2d are the primary MEF2 family members expressed in the hippocampus, Mef2c transcripts are the most highly expressed of the MEF2s in cortical neurons (Fig. 3A,B). Mef2b expression is negligible by comparison. MEF2A, MEF2C, and MEF2D all undergo alternative splicing of two domains called α and β; however, only MEF2C shows alternative splicing of the γ-domain. This is important because the γ-domain is a major site of regulation of the activity of the MEF2 transcription factors by neuronal signaling cascades (Shalizi et al., 2006). In cultured rat cortical neurons, only 48.4 ± 4.3% of Mef2c transcripts contain the γ-domain, as determined by RT-PCR. To determine how differential splicing affects the membrane depolarization-dependent regulation of MEF2C activity, we overexpressed a series of Gal4–MEF2C splice-variant fusion constructs in cultured cortical neurons along with a UAS-luciferase reporter plasmid. Whereas the presence of the β-domain led to higher levels of membrane depolarization-induced transcription, the presence of the γ-domain significantly reduced activation of MEF2C (Fig. 3C). Consistent with evidence that phosphorylation of MEF2C at serine 396 within the γ-domain is a mechanism of the repressive activity of this domain (Zhu and Gulick, 2004; Shalizi et al., 2006), mutation of this residue to alanine increased membrane depolarization-induced transcription (Fig. 3C). These data suggest that MEF2C splice variants lacking the γ-domain, which are highly expressed in the developing cortex, are likely to be the most sensitive of the MEF2 transcription factors to membrane depolarization.
Region-specific expression and calcium-dependent regulation of MEF2s. A, B, Relative expression of MEF2 family members was determined by quantitative PCR from cultured embryonic rat hippocampal (A) or cortical (B) neurons. n = 4. C, MEF2C splice variants are differentially responsive to membrane depolarization. Cultured embryonic rat cortical neurons were cotransfected with a pUAS–Luc reporter vector along with plasmids expressing Gal4 fusions of the indicated MEF2C splice variants. Δγ, A γ-containing MEF2C variant with an S396A point mutation. The bars show the mean values from four independent experiments scaled to the untreated empty vector control from each day. In all graphs, error bars represent SEM. *p < 0.05 6 h KCl versus none.
To determine whether individual members of the MEF2 family differentially regulate Bdnf transcription, we used lentiviruses carrying shRNAs to selectively knock down MEF2A, MEF2C, or MEF2D (Fig. 4A). Knocking down MEF2 family members does not impair activity-regulated gene transcription in general because membrane depolarization-induced Fos expression was unaffected by any of the knockdowns (Fig. 4B). We found that knockdown of MEF2C, but not MEF2A or MEF2D, significantly reduced the membrane depolarization-dependent induction of Bdnf exon IV-containing transcripts (Fig. 4C). Either of two independent shRNAs targeting MEF2C impaired membrane depolarization-induced transcription from the Bdnf pIV-Luc reporter plasmid in transfected neurons, localizing the requirement for MEF2C to the proximal region of Bdnf pIV (Fig. 4D). To determine whether recruitment of MEF2C is sufficient to confer membrane depolarization-dependent regulation upon Bdnf pIV, we replaced the CaRE1 sequence in the Bdnf pIV-Luc reporter plasmid with two copies of the Gal4-UAS binding sequence [Bdnf pIV(ΔCaRE1–2xUAS)-Luc], which eliminated KCl-dependent luciferase expression (Fig. 4E). However, coexpression of a Gal4-MEF2Cα1β fusion protein, which is recruited to the altered binding site, rescued membrane depolarization-induced transcription. These data identify MEF2C as an important contributor to activity-dependent induction of Bdnf pIV in developing cortical neurons.
Differential regulation of endogenous Bdnf transcription by MEF2 family members in cortical neurons. A, Cultured embryonic rat cortical neurons were infected with lentiviruses containing shRNAs targeting individual MEF2 family members. Knockdown (KD) of endogenous mRNA levels was validated by quantitative PCR. MEF2 expression is normalized to levels in cells infected with the empty vector control viruses. n = 4. B, C, Cortical neurons were infected with the indicated lentiviruses then left untreated or stimulated with 55 mm KCl for 3 h. Endogenous Fos (B) or Bdnf exon IV (C) mRNA levels were determined by quantitative PCR. D, Luciferase expression from Bdnf pIV-Luc cotransfected with the indicated plasmids. Control 1, Transfected with empty pLKO.1 vector; Control 2, transfected with pTRIPZ dox-inducible MEF2C shRNAmir in the absence of doxycycline. E, Luciferase expression from the Bdnf pIV(ΔCaRE1–2xUAS)-Luc plasmid cotransfected with the indicated Gal4 expression plasmids. F, Quantitative PCR for Bdnf exon I in cortical neurons infected with the indicated lentiviruses. G, Luciferase expression from a Bdnf pI-Luc reporter plasmid (−6143) or a truncated reporter lacking the −4.8 kb upstream MEF2 binding site (−4495) contransfected with the indicated plasmids. n = 3–4. *p < 0.05 versus Control (Ctrl).
Although exon IV-containing forms of Bdnf are the most abundant Bdnf transcripts in the developing cortex, Bdnf pI is also highly activity responsive in neurons and MEF2D has been found bound to an element 4.8 kb upstream of pI that can regulate pI activity (Flavell et al., 2008). Unlike the effects on pIV, knockdown of MEF2C had no impact on membrane depolarization-induced Bdnf exon I expression, and knockdown of MEF2A resulted in a small but statistically significant impairment of Bdnf exon I induction (Fig. 4F). By contrast, knockdown of MEF2D significantly enhanced Bdnf exon I induction (Fig. 4F). MEF2D knockdown also increased transcription from a luciferase reporter plasmid containing Bdnf promoter I, localizing the repressive effects of MEF2D to this genomic fragment (Fig. 4G). However, this enhancement did not require the upstream MEF2 binding element (Fig. 4G), indicating that the repressive effects of MEF2D are mediated by other gene regulatory elements within the proximal or distal region of Bdnf pI. Collectively, these data suggest that specific MEF2 family members have distinct effects on the regulation of different Bdnf gene promoters in response to membrane depolarization.
Discussion
MEF2 family members are highly expressed in the nervous system where they regulate calcium-dependent transcriptional programs that are important for synapse development (Flavell et al., 2006; Shalizi et al., 2006). Bdnf is among the transcriptional targets of MEF2 in hippocampal neurons (Flavell et al., 2008), and, by chromatin immunoprecipitation, endogenous MEF2 proteins have been found to associate both with an element in pIV and with a putative long-distance Bdnf enhancer element 4.8 kb upstream of pI (Flavell et al., 2008; Hong et al., 2008). However, the functional importance of the interactions of specific MEF2 family members with each of these binding sites was not known.
We find that two different CaRE1-associated proteins, CaRF and MEF2C, are each required for aspects of Bdnf pIV activity in cortical neurons. Multiplex regulation is an important principle of Bdnf transcription. Not only are there as many as nine alternative Bdnf promoters, pIV alone is regulated by at least eight families of transcription factors (Lyons and West, 2011; Pruunsild et al., 2011). Whereas in vivo studies that have deleted any single transcription factor have shown only a moderate impact on Bdnf transcription, deletion of just one of the calcium response elements in Bdnf pIV (the CaRE3/CRE site bound by CREB family members) significantly impairs activity-dependent Bdnf gene induction (Hong et al., 2008). Thus, diversity of transcription factor regulation may confer distinct modes of activation on the Bdnf gene and/or ensure a high safety factor for Bdnf induction following increases in intracellular calcium. Both CaRF and MEF2C share a similar expression profile with highest levels during early postnatal cortical development (Lyons et al., 1995; McDowell et al., 2010). The close proximity of their binding sites at CaRE1 raises the possibility that these two transcription factors could cooperate or compete for binding to pIV, although this remains to be experimentally addressed in vivo. Future studies comparing the actions and regulation of CaRF and MEF2C at Bdnf pIV may help to explain how differential expression, recruitment, or activation of specific transcription factors at single Bdnf regulatory elements may provide a mechanism of specificity for the regulation of this important gene.
The MEF2 genes show variant expression patterns across different cell types and tissues, which is likely to contribute to their differential biological functions (Lyons et al., 1995). However, in some places, such as neurons of the cerebral cortex, multiple MEF2 family members as well as multiple splice variants from the same Mef2 gene are coexpressed in the same neurons (Lyons et al., 1995). By using RNAi to selectively knock down expression of individual MEF2 family members, we have now shown in developing cerebral cortical neurons, which coexpress MEF2A, MEF2C, and MEF2D, that only MEF2C is required for membrane depolarization-dependent transcriptional activation of Bdnf pIV. This selective requirement is not likely to be due to differential binding of MEF2C versus MEF2A and MEF2D to pIV, both because the MEF2s share a highly conserved DNA binding domain and because in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments have demonstrated the association of endogenous MEF2D with Bdnf pIV in cortex (Hong et al., 2008). Furthermore, the relative importance of MEF2C may be selective to cortical neurons because dual knockdown of MEF2A and MEF2D in hippocampal neurons was shown in a previous study to impair membrane depolarization-induced expression of Bdnf (Flavell et al., 2008). These data raise the possibility that the functional contributions of the MEF2s to the regulation of Bdnf may be context or cell type specific. We suggest that one way that selective functions of the MEF2s may arise is as a consequence of their differential sensitivity to activation by membrane depolarization. Only the Mef2c gene encodes variants that lack the γ-domain (Zhu and Gulick, 2004; Shalizi and Bonni, 2008), and we find that γ-lacking MEF2C variants are the most highly activated of the MEF2Cs upon membrane depolarization. In the developing cortex, Mef2c is by far the predominant Mef2 gene expressed (Fig. 3B), and approximately half of the Mef2c transcripts lack the γ-domain. Thus, the heightened sensitivity of γ-lacking MEF2C variants to l-VGCC activation may be particularly important for coupling the induction of activity-regulated genes like Bdnf to environmental stimuli during cortical development.
Interestingly, although knockdown of MEF2D in cortical neurons had no effect on Bdnf pIV regulation, membrane depolarization-dependent induction of Bdnf exon I-containing transcripts was strongly upregulated in neurons that lack this, but not in other MEF2 family members. Because the MEF2s are known to bind corepressors as well as coactivators (Shalizi and Bonni, 2008), it is possible that selective interactions between MEF2D and a transcriptional corepressor could be important for dampening the transcriptional activity of Bdnf pI in developing cortical neurons. This would be particularly interesting because unlike Bdnf pIV, which is highly active and inducible in young neurons, Bdnf pI is relatively inactive until adulthood, when its inducibility is markedly elevated via unknown mechanisms (Timmusk et al., 1994). Together, our data are important because they suggest that variations in the expression of different MEF2 variants, which occurs both during development and in response to certain kinds of stimuli, can change the transcriptional inducibility of important activity-regulated targets such as Bdnf, providing a mechanism for the fine-tuning of neuronal transcription-dependent plasticity.
Footnotes
This work was supported by the Ruth K. Broad Biomedical Research Foundation (M.R.L.), and by grants to A.E.W. from the Whitehall Foundation and the NIH (Grant R01DA022202). We thank Dr. Tod Gulick for the Gal4-MEF2C plasmids, Dr. Michael E. Greenberg for the Bdnf promoter I reporter plasmids, and Lauren Burch for technical assistance.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
- Correspondence should be addressed to Anne E. West, Department of Neurobiology, DUMC Box 3209, Bryan Research Building, 301D, Durham, NC 27710. west{at}neuro.duke.edu
References
In this issue
