Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Spectral frequency–temporal modulation representation of sounds with high (top) and low (bottom) unpleasantness ratings. The mean rating for each sound is shown in the top right corner of each figure: ratings were on a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 corresponding to low unpleasantness and 5 corresponding high unpleasantness.
- Figure 2.
Responses in the amygdala that correlate with acoustic features (interaction between spectral frequency and temporal modulation frequency) and rating of unpleasantness. Activity is thresholded at p < 0.005 (uncorrected) for display purpose and is overlaid on the amygdala probability maps available in the SPM8 anatomy toolbox.
- Figure 3.
BOLD activity in the auditory cortex [p < 0.001 (uncorrected)] that correlates with acoustic features. A, Negative correlation with spectral frequency. B, Negative correlation with temporal modulation frequency.
- Figure 4.
BOLD activity in the auditory cortex [p < 0.001 (uncorrected)] that correlates with the interaction between spectral frequency (A) and temporal modulation frequency (B) rating of unpleasantness.
- Figure 5.
A, Model space to establish how stimulus information reaches the amygdala. In M1, stimuli activate the amygdala (Amyg) directly; in M2, the stimulus is first processed by the auditory cortex (Aud) and then reaches the amygdala; in M3, both the amygdala and the auditory cortex receive the stimulus independently. B, Model exceedance probabilities for the models shown in A. M2, in which the auditory cortex drives the amygdala, is the best model (exceedance probability = 0.97).
- Figure 6.
Model space for analysis of the modulatory effects of acoustic structure and valence. In the first model (M1), there is no modulatory effect; in the second model (M2), pathways from the amygdala (Amyg) to the auditory cortex (Aud) (as indicated by red dots) are modulated; in the third model (M3), pathways from the auditory cortex are modulated; and in the last model (M4), modulation is bidirectional.
- Figure 7.
A, Model exceedance probabilities for the model space shown in Figure 5, where the modulatory input corresponds to the acoustic features (interaction between spectral and temporal modulation frequencies). M3 is the best model (model exceedance probability = 0.64). B, Model exceedance probabilities for the models shown in Figure 6, where the modulatory input is the rating of unpleasantness. M2, in which the backward connections from the amygdala to the auditory cortex are modulated is the best model (exceedance probability = 0.83). Bkwrd, backward; Fwd, forward; Recip, reciprocal.
Tables
- Table 1.
Brain areas other than the amygdala and the auditory cortex that correlates with interaction between acoustic features
Area MNI coordinates t value Inferior temporal gyrus −12, −18, −16 6.67 −44, −50, −12 6.31 Insula −34, −6, 10 5.50 30, 8, 4 4.35 34, −8, 4 4.03 Medial orbitofrontal −16, 46, −14 5.15 Inferior parietal −54, −34, 22 4.95 Superior parietal −34, −8, 46 4.71 Medial frontal 18, 42, 18 4.54 Inferior temporal gyrus −42, −28, −16 4.37 Cerebellum 24, −48, −28 4.17 −2, −62, −8 4.16 Superior temporal gyrus 42, −8, −14 4.15 - Table 2.
Brain areas other than the amygdala and the auditory cortex that correlates positively with ratings of unpleasantness
Area MNI coordinates t value STG −50, 6, −6 7.02 Basal ganglia 14, 4, 22 6.50 Cerebellum −10, −60, −16 6.06 14, −54, −16 4.41 16, −84, −40 4.33 Inferior temporal gyrus 56, −22, −28 5.79 Superior parietal −58, −26, 36 5.38 Inferior frontal gyrus 42, 14, 14 5.34
