Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Protocols for the three experimental groups: NA (top), BE+VE, and BE (bottom). Movement directions in hand space are represented by solid arrows. Corresponding cursor movement directions in visual space are represented by dashed arrows. Following a short baseline block, Group NA adapted to 45° CCW rotation and then were put into error-clamp and washout blocks. Groups BE+VE and BE adapted to 30° CCW rotation and then continued to an asymptote block. In the asymptote block, Group BE had visual feedback of cursor position removed, whereas Group BE+VE continued to receive both binary auditory and cursor feedback. Following asymptote, both groups adapted to an additional rotation of 15° CCW (to a total rotation of 45°) and were then put in error-clamp and washout blocks. Apart from group BE during the asymptote phase, all groups received vector error and binary error feedback throughout the experiment.
- Figure 2.
A, Averaged hand movement direction plotted against movement number for Group NA (green). Horizontal lines indicate the center (black lines) and edges (gray lines) of the target. Binary feedback was only given when movement direction was between the gray lines. Shading indicates SEM. During the error-clamp (E. Clamp) block, subjects rapidly decayed to their baseline (BL) mapping. B, Averaged hand movement direction plotted against movement number for Groups BE (red) and BE+VE (blue). While both groups adapted to the 45° rotation (Rot), Group BE decayed less in the subsequent error-clamp block. Faint red and blue traces depict the behavior of six additional subjects (3 BE and 3 BE+VE subjects, respectively) that experienced a longer error-clamp block (continued until the rightmost dotted vertical line). C, Group averages for performance measures at asymptote (Asymp.) for the 30° rotation for Groups BE (red) and BE+VE (blue) (last 20 trials of the asymptote block). Error bars indicate SEM.
- Figure 3.
A–C, Decay behavior for individual subjects (gray lines) during the error-clamp block plotted along with the group mean (thick black line) for Groups NA (A), BE+VE (B), and BE (C). Trials averaged across 10-trial bins. Vertical lines bound the clamp block. Intersubject variability is higher for Group BE+VE.
