Figure 5. Standard whole-brain VBM analysis results showing increase in gray matter volume from before training to after training in cerebellar patients (left) and healthy controls (right). Training-related gray matter volume increase in patients was detected in the right PMd (A) at p < 0.05 (FWE corrected; shown in green). B, At a trend level (p < 0.001, uncorrected; predetermined cluster size of 48.29 as partial correction; shown in red), gray matter volume increase was seen in the left middle temporal gyrus, insula bilaterally, and left anterior cingulate cortex. C, Conversely, increase in gray matter volume in controls was seen in the calcarine sulcus bilaterally, right superior temporal gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus, left putamen, left hippocampus, and right lobule VIIIb of the cerebellum (D) (p < 0.001, uncorrected; predetermined cluster size of 48.29 as partial correction; shown in red). Gray matter changes are overlaid on a mean image of the modulated normalized gray matter segments. Color scales indicate t values, whereas x, y, z stand for the MNI coordinates in millimeters. GM, gray matter; PMd, dorsal premotor cortex; MTG, middle temporal gyrus; INS, insula; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; CaS, calcarine sulcus; STG, superior temporal gyrus; MOG, middle occipital gyrus; PUT, putamen; HC, hippocampus; VIIIb, cerebellar lobule VIIIb.