Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Trial schematic for face mapping (Experiment 1) and face attention (Experiment 2) tasks. A, Participants detected brief contrast decrements over the entire face during presentation of a series of flashing faces. Blocks were either fixation or one of six faces along a morph continuum (F1–F6). B, Attention blocks were either fixation or flashing superimposed images of F1 and F6. Participants attended to either F1 or F6 and detected brief morphs in the attended face toward a third face while ignoring morphs in the unattended face. The face to be attended was cued by the color (red or green) of the fixation cross. For illustrative purposes, the fixation crosses and contrast decrement displayed here are larger than those actually presented to participants, and fixation crosses are shown here in black.
- Figure 2.
Identification of face areas. Face-selective regions in temporal and occipital cortex were defined in each session using a localizer (faces > scenes; displayed in warm colors). An example from one subject is shown here.
- Figure 3.
Voxel tuning curves (Experiment 1). A, Voxel-based tuning curves are shown for all reliable face-selective voxels in occipital and temporal cortex. Tuning curves for voxels preferring each face morph (F1–F6) are displayed in separate subplots across the six face conditions (error bars = SEM across fMRI sessions for this and all subsequent figures). The bar graphs to the right of each tuning curve plot the response to the preferred face compared with the average response to nonpreferred faces for that voxel type (e.g., for F1 voxels, the response to the F1 condition vs the mean response to F2–F6 conditions). Data are also displayed for voxels in only posterior (B) and anterior (C) face areas. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ∼p < 0.10.
- Figure 4.
Posterior and anterior face areas have different tuning properties (Experiment 1). A, A regression analysis was conducted on the difference between tuning curves for F1 and F6 voxels in individual fMRI sessions. A significant linear relationship was present in posterior but not anterior face areas. B, Tuning curve plots show responses for voxels classified into two face categories (black, F1 through F3; gray, F4 through F6). Bar graphs compare responses to preferred and nonpreferred conditions (e.g., for male voxels, preferred = F1, F2, and F3 blocks; nonpreferred = F4, F5, and F6 blocks). Responses to the preferred half of the face morph continuum were significantly higher than responses to the nonpreferred half in anterior (both halves p < 0.05) but not in posterior face areas.
- Figure 5.
Responses during attention task (Experiment 2) across voxel types. A, Left, Beta values for each attention condition (compared with fixation) from voxels across all face areas are plotted according to the face preference those voxels displayed in Experiment 1. A, Right, The difference between attention conditions (normalized by subtracting the mean response to each condition across all voxel types) is shown for voxels across all face areas. The same information is plotted for voxels in only posterior (B) and anterior (C) face areas. Note that in this figure (unlike Figs. 3, 4), responses are plotted across voxel types on the x-axis rather than across stimulus conditions (within voxel types). *p < 0.05; ∼p < 0.10; FDR-corrected.
- Figure 6.
Tuning and attention results in control bilateral motor and early visual cortical regions. Group voxel-based tuning curves for bilateral motor (A) and early visual (C) regions, plotted using conventions from Figure 3 (**p < 0.01; ∼p < 0.10; note that the scale is larger in subplots for C to accommodate the greater range of β values). Responses in the two attention conditions for motor (B) and early visual (D) areas are displayed on the top subplot using the same conventions as Figure 5. The difference between attention conditions, normalized by the average response to each condition, is displayed in the bottom subplot for each area, as in Figure 5 (all n.s.).
Tables
Number of sessions (N) Voxel number (mean ± SEM) Voxel count range All face areas 20 2000 ± 341 113–5541 Posterior face areas(OFA, FFA, fSTS) 18 1636 ± 318 77–5400 Anterior face areas (fAT) 17 267 ± 95 13–1507 Motor cortex (control) 20 7218 ± 457 2415–8199 Early visual cortex (control) 20 2022 ± 154 636–3325 The number of sessions for which each face-selective region could be identified and the mean size of each region are listed. Regions examined included posterior face areas (OFA, FFA, and fSTS), anterior face areas (small clusters in the anterior temporal lobe, fAT), and two control sites (motor cortex and early visual cortex). In most cases, regions were bilateral.
