Enhanced Spontaneous Oscillations in the Supplementary Motor Area Are Associated with Sleep-Dependent Offline Learning of Finger-Tapping Motor-Sequence Task

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¹Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912,
²Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,
³Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129,
⁴Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100 Taiwan, and
⁵School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85004

T.R. Huang's present address: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Muenzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309.
Y. Yotsumoto's present address: Department of Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.

Author contributions: M.T., M.H., F.-H.L., and Y.S. designed research; M.T., T.-R.H., Y.Y., and Y.S. performed research; M.T. and Y.S. analyzed data; M.T., J.E.N., T.W., and Y.S. wrote the paper.

T.R. Huang's present address: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Muenzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309.
Y. Yotsumoto's present address: Department of Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants R01AG031941, R01MH091801, R01EY015980, R01EY019466, and R01EY018334 and by NSF Grant BCS-0964776. M.T. was supported by the Research Fellowship for Young Scientists, from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science. Y.S. was supported in part by the Sleep Research Society Foundation. This work was performed in part at the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging at the Massachusetts General Hospital, using resources provided by the Center for Functional Neuroimaging Technologies (NCRR P41RR14075, S10RR014978, S10RR021110, and S10RR023401). Part of this research was also conducted using computational resources and services at the Center for Computation and Visualization, Brown University. We thank Drs. Tadao Hori and Simon Durrant for their comments on earlier drafts.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Yuka Sasaki, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Box 1821, 190 Thayer Street, Providence, RI 02912. yuka_sasaki{at}brown.edu

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