Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Plots of raw scores (top row) and scaled scores (bottom row) of receptive language (left column) and expressive language (right column) against age. A marked ceiling effect in the raw scores is evident in children aged over 1800 days (highlighted in red) and is reflected by a reduced spread in scaled scores.
- Figure 2.
Results of the voxelwise asymmetry results overlaid on an average MWF volume. The blue outline presents the area within which the voxelwise tests were performed. Red-yellow regions indicate regions of significant (p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons and tests) leftward (top row) and rightward (bottom row) asymmetry of the MWF, a quantitative estimate of myelin-associated water.
- Figure 3.
Significant asymmetry results rendered as a volume. Rightward asymmetry (a) was detected in ventrolateral frontal cortex (blue), putamen and external capsule (red), and lateral postcentral cortex (green). Leftward asymmetry (b) was detected in the anterior cingulate, extending to mesial frontal cortex (red), anterior thalamus and caudate (green), postcentral gyrus (yellow), temporoparietal junction (yellow), and temporal and occipital areas (blue). c, Shows the relationship between age and myelination (blue diamonds) and (d) asymmetry (red circles) for the anterior thalamus region (top) and the mesial frontal region (bottom). Note that positive values reflect leftward asymmetry and negative values rightward.
- Figure 4.
Moving average correlations (Pearson's r; y-axis) as a function of age (in days; x-axis). Plots demonstrate the changing relationships between asymmetry of myelin content in the extreme capsule and receptive and expressive language scores, respectively (top row), and between leftward asymmetry in the caudate/thalamus and frontal cortex with receptive and expressive language scores respectively (bottom row).
Tables
Age group N female N male N Age in days (range) Age in days (mean) 1–2 years 17 17 34 369–724 530.6 2–3 years 8 16 24 745–1094 918.7 3–4 years 3 12 15 1095–1451 1302.7 4–5 years 11 11 22 1501–1809 1680.0 5–6 years 3 10 13 1859–2199 2012.5 Age group (months) 9–16 16–28 28–48 48+ Acquisition time (min) 18:42 21:38 24:20 22:45 Unprotected dB* 62 69 74 82 Field of view (cm) 17 × 17 × 14.4 18 × 18 × 15 20 × 20 × 15 20 × 20 × 16.5 SPGR TE/TR (ms) 5.9/12 5.4/12 5.2/11 4.8/10 SPGR flip angles 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 16 IR-SPGR inversion time (ms) 600 900 500 850 500 800 450 750 bSSFP TE/TR (ms) 5.1/10.2 5/10 4.4/9.8 5/10 bSSFP flip angles 9, 14, 20, 27, 34, 41, 56, 70 9, 14, 20, 27, 34, 41, 56, 70 9, 14, 20, 27, 34, 41, 56, 70 9, 14, 20, 27, 34, 41, 56, 70 N Male 67 Female 41 Total valid 108 p value Handedness Left 7 5 12 Right 42 23 65 No preference 13 11 24 Missing 4 3 7 0.65* Cognitive measures (scaled scores) Fine motor 49.3 (10.5) 55 (12.6) 103 0.224** Visual reception 53.5 (10.9) 46.9 (9.2) 103 0.301** Receptive language 51.9 (12) 53.2 (11.8) 102 0.596** Expressive language 49.5 (11.6) 51 (10) 99 0.504** MNI coordinates Asymmetry index Post hoc cognitive associations X Y Z (L − R)/(L + R) SD Fine motor Visual reception Receptive language Expressive language Leftward asymmetry Postcentral gyrus −44 −24 50 0.0288 0.053 Supramarginal gyrus −55 −30 28 0.0605 0.077 Occipitotemporal −26 −63 5 0.0508 0.078 Thalamus and caudate −13 −2 13 0.061 0.077 ○ ○○ Frontal cortex −12 14 30 0.07 0.077 ○○ Rightward asymmetry Precentral 49 −8 30 −0.0727 0.107 Putamen/extreme capsule 29 13 8 −0.0361 0.058 ○○ ○○ Ventral frontal 32 42 −6 −0.0562 0.081 ○, Association with Cognitive Scale only; ○○, association with Cognitive Scale as well as a significant interaction in this relationship with age. All significant relationships are reported with df = 71,1, p < 0.05, q < 0.05.
