The Impoverished Brain: Disparities in Maternal Education Affect the Neural Response to Sound

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¹Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory,
²Bilingualism and Psycholinguistics Research Group,
³Department of Communication Sciences,
⁴Institute for Neuroscience,
⁵Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, and
⁶Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208

E. Skoe's present address: Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Department of Psychology Affiliate, Cognitive Science Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269.

Author contributions: E.S., J.K., and N.K. designed research; E.S. and J.K. performed research; E.S. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; E.S. analyzed data; E.S., J.K., and N.K. wrote the paper.

E. Skoe's present address: Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Department of Psychology Affiliate, Cognitive Science Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269.

This work was supported by Supported by Northwestern University Knowles Hearing Center, NSF SMA-1015614, and the Mathers Foundation. We thank Vance Gao for his help with data analysis, as well as Douglas Savitsky, Trent Nicol, Ellie Thompson, and Travis White-Schwoch for their comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. We also thank the students and their families for participating and the schools and teachers, especially Kate Johnston, for their support of the project. We also extend our appreciation to Rafael Escobedo-Quiroz and the other members of the Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, past and present, for their help in data collection and participant recruitment.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Correspondence should be addressed to Nina Kraus, PhD, Northwestern University, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston IL, 60208. nkraus{at}northwestern.edu

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