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Articles, Systems/Circuits

Older Adults Benefit from Music Training Early in Life: Biological Evidence for Long-Term Training-Driven Plasticity

Travis White-Schwoch, Kali Woodruff Carr, Samira Anderson, Dana L. Strait and Nina Kraus
Journal of Neuroscience 6 November 2013, 33 (45) 17667-17674; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2560-13.2013
Travis White-Schwoch
1Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory,
2Department of Communication Sciences,
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Kali Woodruff Carr
1Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory,
2Department of Communication Sciences,
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Samira Anderson
1Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory,
2Department of Communication Sciences,
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Dana L. Strait
1Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory,
3Institute for Neuroscience,
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Nina Kraus
1Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory,
2Department of Communication Sciences,
3Institute for Neuroscience,
4Department of Neurobiology & Physiology,
5Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Article Figures & Data

Figures

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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    Grand average response from all subjects to the speech sound [da] presented in quiet. The CV transition (/d/) and vowel (/a/) regions are marked.

  • Figure 2.
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    Figure 2.

    Neural response timing to the [da] presented in quiet. The Moderate training group (blue) has the fastest neural timing. a, Group average responses in the CV transition region. b, The transition peak at 43 ms is highlighted. c, Latency relative to the expected peak timing. Lower relative latency values are faster. Shaded regions represent ± 1 SEM. *p < 0.05.

  • Figure 3.
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    Figure 3.

    Neural response timing to the [da] presented in noise. The Moderate training group (blue) has the fastest neural timing. a, Group average responses in the CV transition region. b, The transition peak at 43 ms is highlighted. c, Latency relative to the expected peak timing. Lower relative latency values are faster. Shaded regions represent ± 1 SEM. ***p = 0.001.

  • Figure 4.
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    Figure 4.

    A correlation is observed between years of music training and neural timing. For illustrative purposes, latencies for peaks 23 and 33 in response to the [da] presented in noise were averaged. Faster timing is associated with more years of training. ρ(26) = −0.539, p = 0.005.

Tables

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    Table 1.

    Groups are matched on a wide array of demographic criteria, including: sex, age, intelligence, hearing, educational attainment, and levels of current exercise (RM-ANOVAs, all p > 0.15)a

    CriterionNone (0 years; N = 15)Little (1–3 years; N = 14)Moderate (4–14 years; N = 13)
    Number of females699
    Age (years)63.56 (3.76)65.46 (4.54)65.15 (5.46)
    IQ (standard score)120.40 (8.09)118.69 (8.44)122.38 (5.37)
        IQ-verbal (t-score)63.13 (7.18)63.42 (6.13)62.41 (5.07)
        IQ-nonverbal (t-score)58.13 (10.25)58.91 (6.77)62.75 (4.69)
    PTA (dB HL; average hearing 0.5–4 kHz)20.61 (11.51)17.19 (11.39)24.95 (8.90)
    Click V latency (ms)6.25 (0.32)5.98 (0.49)5.97 (0.33)
    Education3.47 (0.64)3.23 (0.56)3.77 (0.44)
    Exercise levels2.62 (1.39)2.81 (0.98)2.90 (1.19)
    Years of music training1.71 (0.61)8.14 (3.68)
    Years since music training52.01 (4.10)47.46 (6.92)
    • ↵aMeans are reported with SDs. PTA, Pure-tone average hearing threshold (dB HL) measured bilaterally from 0.5 to 4 kHz. Refer to Materials and Methods for information on how education and exercise were rated.

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    Table 2.

    Music practice histories, based on self-report, for individuals from the two relevant groupsa

    Group; instrumentsYears of TrainingYears since Training
    Little (1–3 years; N = 14)
        Piano149
        Piano155
        Piano153
        Piano1b
        Piano249
        Piano258
        Piano253
        Trumpet252
        Accordion, organ349
        Clarinet351
        Piano353
        Piano, French horn346
        Piano, guitar351
        Violin, piano361
    Moderate (4–14 years; N = 13)
        Clarinet443
        Viola, clarinet450
        Piano, trumpet559
        Trumpet551
        Guitar550
        Clarinet, guitar, piano654
        Piano742
        Piano851
        Piano958
        Piano1147
        Piano, guitar1245
        Piano, flute1440
        Trombone1437
    • ↵aFor each subject, the training instrument(s), total years of training, and years since training stopped are reported.

    • ↵bThis individual only reported that training stopped at a “very young” age.

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    Table 3.

    Peak latencies in response to the [da] presented in quieta

    PeakNoneLittleModerate
    2324.15 (0.97)24.49 (0.74)23.37 (0.87)
    3333.75 (1.04)33.87 (1.28)33.13 (0.52)
    4343.69 (0.44)43.39 (0.58)43.17 (0.54)
    5353.72 (0.63)53.36 (0.63)53.08 (0.47)
    6363.51 (0.43)63.37 (0.37)63.15 (0.40)
    7373.69 (0.8573.44 (0.46)73.20 (0.44)
    8383.85 (1.2783.38 (0.48)83.23 (0.41)
    9393.76 (1.03)93.60 (1.15)93.24 (0.43)
    103103.92 (1.54)103.43 (0.46)103.43 (1.08)
    113113.87 (1.14)113.58 (0.89)113.14 (0.33)
    123123.63 (0.68)123.49 (0.54)123.25 (0.37)
    133134.00 (1.45)133.56 (0.63)133.29 (0.39)
    143143.10 (1.61)143.44 (0.55)143.25 (0.37)
    153153.90 (1.29)153.42 (0.50)153.42 (0.74)
    163164.04 (1.72)163.52 (0.58)163.21 (0.42)
    • ↵aFirst five rows (peaks 23, 33, 43, 53, 63) refer to the CV transition region of the response where timing differs as a function of group. The group with the most training (Moderate) exhibits the fastest timing in response to the CV transition. Means are reported with SDs.

    • View popup
    Table 4.

    Peak latencies in response to the [da] presented in noisea

    PeakNoneLittleModerate
    2324.95 (1.17)24.40 (0.84)23.54 (0.91)
    3334.15 (1.03)33.88 (0.87)33.11 (0.55)
    4343.74 (0.79)43.60 (0.74)43.15 (0.54)
    5353.75 (0.77)52.26 (0.83)53.13 (0.56)
    6363.71 (0.52)63.56 (1.15)63.13 (0.41)
    7373.56 (0.37)73.40 (0.49)73.27 (0.54)
    8383.63 (0.36)83.78 (1.38)83.13 (0.70)
    9393.64 (0.35)93.46 (0.50)93.18 (0.35)
    103103.70 (0.63)103.25 (0.51)103.50 (0.83)
    113113.65 (0.27)113.45 (0.42)113.32 (0.39)
    123123.59 (0.34)123.43 (0.42)123.31 (0.43)
    133133.66 (0.33)133.27 (0.91)133.29 (0.45)
    143143.58 (0.37)143.40 (0.32)143.26 (0.42)
    153153.70 (0.74)153.28 (0.40)153.28 (0.39)
    163163.58 (0.30)163.46 (0.31)163.30 (0.40)
    • ↵aFirst five rows (peaks 23, 33, 43, 53, 63) refer to the CV transition region of the response where timing differs as a function of group. The group with the most training (Moderate) exhibits the fastest timing in response to the CV transition. Means are reported with SDs.

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The Journal of Neuroscience: 33 (45)
Journal of Neuroscience
Vol. 33, Issue 45
6 Nov 2013
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Older Adults Benefit from Music Training Early in Life: Biological Evidence for Long-Term Training-Driven Plasticity
Travis White-Schwoch, Kali Woodruff Carr, Samira Anderson, Dana L. Strait, Nina Kraus
Journal of Neuroscience 6 November 2013, 33 (45) 17667-17674; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2560-13.2013

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Older Adults Benefit from Music Training Early in Life: Biological Evidence for Long-Term Training-Driven Plasticity
Travis White-Schwoch, Kali Woodruff Carr, Samira Anderson, Dana L. Strait, Nina Kraus
Journal of Neuroscience 6 November 2013, 33 (45) 17667-17674; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2560-13.2013
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