Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Representative trial from the backward-masked cue task. In each trial, participants were presented with the following visual stimuli in immediate succession: crosshair (500 ms); target stimulus (33 ms); masking stimulus (467 ms); crosshair (1000 ms). Target images were presented from one of four categories [i.e., cocaine (shown), neutral, sexual, and aversive].
- Figure 2.
Neural activation to backward-masked cocaine (vs neutral) cues in baclofen- and placebo-treated cocaine-dependent men. A, Baclofen-treated compared with placebo-treated participants demonstrated significantly less neural activation in a large interconnected cluster bilaterally spanning the ventral striatum, ventral pallidum, amygdala, midbrain, and orbitofrontal cortex (voxel threshold p < 0.005; cluster corrected at p < 0.05). The image on the left shows the significant cluster of reduced activation rendered in 3D (crosshairs are centered on the left ventral striatum. S, Superior; I, inferior; A, anterior; R, right; L, left). Cross-sectional coronal and axial images of ventral striatum, amygdala, and midbrain are displayed on the right. B, Placebo-treated participants demonstrated increased neural activation in response to cocaine (vs neutral) cues in the ventral striatum, ventral pallidum, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex (left); neural activation to cocaine cues was absent in baclofen-treated participants (right; data displayed at p < 0.01, k > 10, uncorrected). For cross-sectional images, data are displayed neurologically (left is left) and the color bars represent T values.
Tables
Placebo (n = 10) Baclofen (n = 10) p value Basic demographics Age (years) [mean (SEM)] 40.20 (1.93) 42.00 (1.26) 0.45 Education (years) [mean (SEM)] 12.80 (0.35) 12.75 (0.86) 0.96 Estimated IQ (WASI) [mean (SEM)] 98.40 (2.01) 92.00 (6.19) 0.32 Race (Number) Black 8 10 Other 2 0 Prior drug use [mean (SEM)] Cocaine use (years) 17.10 (1.66) 17.20 (1.31) 0.96 Cocaine use (days in past 30) 17.20 (3.26) 20.20 (2.69) 0.49 Alcohol use (years) 12.40 (3.23) 11.40 (3.61) 0.84 Alcohol use (days in past 30) 6.70 (2.99) 8.70 (3.75) 0.68 Marijuana use (years) 10.9 (2.45) 7.7 (3.28) 0.44 Marijuana use (days in past 30) 2.1 (0.82) 2.9 (2.0) 0.73 - Table 2.
Regions of reduced activation in response to subliminal cocaine cues in baclofen-treated compared with placebo-treated participants
Region Hemisphere MNI coordinates T-values x y z A priori regions Nucleus accumbens L −14 4 −8 −3.86 R 16 4 −10 −3.57 Ventral pallidum L −14 4 −6 −3.83 R 16 −2 −8 −4.19 Amygdala L −18 0 −20 −3.48 R 18 −4 −12 −3.55 Orbitofrontal cortex L −26 22 −26 −4.20 R 32 14 −20 −3.36 Midbrain L −4 −16 −18 −3.32 R 0 −20 −20 −3.29 Non-a priori regions Uncus L −30 4 −36 −4.22 Inferior frontal gyrus L −26 22 −26 −4.20 Thalamus L −2 −8 4 −3.56 R 0 −12 8 −3.55 Pons R 0 −18 −30 −3.23 Substantia nigra R 12 −18 −12 −3.18 Superior temporal gyrus L −44 12 −34 −3.00 MNI coordinates and T-values of local maxima are shown for each region within the significant cluster (voxel threshold p < 0.005; cluster-corrected p < 0.05). L, Left; R, right.
