Fear from the Heart: Sensitivity to Fear Stimuli Depends on Individual Heartbeats

Sarah N. Garfinkel; Ludovico Minati; Marcus A. Gray; Anil K. Seth; Raymond J. Dolan; Hugo D. Critchley

doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3507-13.2014

Article Information

DOI

https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3507-13.2014

PubMed

24806682

Published By

Society for Neuroscience

History

Received August 14, 2013
Revision received February 28, 2014
Accepted March 9, 2014
First published May 7, 2014.

Version of record published May 7, 2014.

Author Information

Sarah N. Garfinkel¹,²,
Ludovico Minati¹,³,
Marcus A. Gray⁴,
Anil K. Seth²,⁵,
Raymond J. Dolan⁶, and
Hugo D. Critchley¹,²

¹Department of Psychiatry, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, and
²Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, United Kingdom,
³Scientific Department, Fondazione IRCCs Instituto Neurologico Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy,
⁴Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia,
⁵Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom, and
⁶Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom

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Author contributions

Author contributions: S.N.G., R.J.D., and H.D.C. designed research; S.N.G. performed research; S.N.G., L.M., and H.D.C. analyzed data; S.N.G., L.M., M.A.G., A.K.S., R.J.D., and H.D.C. wrote the paper.

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Disclosures

Received August 14, 2013.
Revision received February 28, 2014.
Accepted March 9, 2014.

This work was supported by the Dr. Mortimer and Theresa Sackler Foundation. H.D.C. and S.N.G. are supported by the European Research Council (Advanced Grant CCFIB AG 234150 to H.D.C.). R.J.D. is supported by the Wellcome Trust. A.K.S. is supported by the European Union (Project CEEDS FP7-ICT-2009-05, 258749) and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Leadership (Fellowship EP/G007543/1). We thank Duncan Fowler and Cassandra Gould for technical assistance.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Correspondence should be addressed to Sarah N Garfinkel, Clinical Imaging Science Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK. s.garfinkel{at}bsms.ac.uk

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	Abstract	Full	Pdf
May 2014	3070	319	702
Jun 2014	382	152	121
Jul 2014	227	130	84
Aug 2014	106	55	33
Sep 2014	141	55	44
Oct 2014	139	61	60
Nov 2014	84	111	44
Dec 2014	88	110	36
Total 2014	4237	993	1124
Jan 2015	80	147	37
Feb 2015	76	209	30
Mar 2015	94	153	46
Apr 2015	87	121	43
May 2015	68	106	30
Jun 2015	55	108	24
Jul 2015	49	41	27
Aug 2015	33	53	16
Sep 2015	52	97	19
Oct 2015	89	75	46
Nov 2015	55	89	36
Dec 2015	59	43	29
Total 2015	797	1242	383
Jan 2016	53	75	28
Feb 2016	38	72	28
Mar 2016	67	38	29
Apr 2016	40	59	34
May 2016	95	81	28
Jun 2016	286	271	25
Jul 2016	76	30	19
Aug 2016	36	31	17
Sep 2016	48	43	20
Oct 2016	49	107	19
Nov 2016	24	116	27
Dec 2016	31	86	20
Total 2016	843	1009	294
Jan 2017	60	163	38
Feb 2017	82	276	42
Mar 2017	157	353	51
Apr 2017	444	200	59
May 2017	66	119	27
Jun 2017	44	87	14
Jul 2017	58	66	17
Aug 2017	51	101	30
Sep 2017	54	113	12
Oct 2017	138	160	69
Nov 2017	131	159	43
Dec 2017	86	110	25
Total 2017	1371	1907	427
Jan 2018	84	156	50
Feb 2018	73	208	47
Mar 2018	65	270	46
Apr 2018	40	353	51
May 2018	59	202	43
Jun 2018	56	178	33
Jul 2018	33	83	27
Aug 2018	57	99	46
Sep 2018	45	174	48
Oct 2018	71	164	71
Nov 2018	45	176	45
Dec 2018	50	137	62
Total 2018	678	2200	569
Jan 2019	41	122	33
Feb 2019	42	251	36
Mar 2019	74	155	86
Apr 2019	116	219	65
May 2019	45	238	45
Jun 2019	33	80	36
Jul 2019	38	101	35
Aug 2019	18	157	32
Sep 2019	25	145	35
Oct 2019	56	288	59
Nov 2019	50	193	52
Dec 2019	39	163	35
Total 2019	577	2112	549
Jan 2020	48	156	52
Feb 2020	44	162	48
Mar 2020	43	136	31
Apr 2020	46	146	58
May 2020	37	125	51
Jun 2020	46	94	35
Jul 2020	32	490	100
Aug 2020	34	237	64
Sep 2020	33	192	34
Oct 2020	39	189	60
Nov 2020	52	153	53
Dec 2020	39	114	40
Total 2020	493	2194	626
Jan 2021	49	86	56
Feb 2021	36	123	66
Mar 2021	71	122	100
Apr 2021	52	114	58
May 2021	52	98	49
Jun 2021	45	71	35
Jul 2021	27	68	30
Aug 2021	34	81	52
Sep 2021	47	143	46
Oct 2021	33	132	65
Nov 2021	29	77	55
Dec 2021	24	153	53
Total 2021	499	1268	665
Jan 2022	42	92	59
Feb 2022	57	97	46
Mar 2022	47	83	72
Apr 2022	61	120	63
May 2022	69	102	84
Jun 2022	22	64	36
Jul 2022	1	6	2
Total 2022	299	564	362
Total	9794	13489	4999