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Articles, Behavioral/Cognitive

An Investigation into the Origin of Anatomical Differences in Dyslexia

Anthony J. Krafnick, D. Lynn Flowers, Megan M. Luetje, Eileen M. Napoliello and Guinevere F. Eden
Journal of Neuroscience 15 January 2014, 34 (3) 901-908; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2092-13.2013
Anthony J. Krafnick
1Center for the Study of Learning, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, and
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D. Lynn Flowers
1Center for the Study of Learning, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, and
2Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
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Megan M. Luetje
1Center for the Study of Learning, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, and
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Eileen M. Napoliello
1Center for the Study of Learning, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, and
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Guinevere F. Eden
1Center for the Study of Learning, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, and
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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    Whole-brain matter volume differences in dyslexics when compared with either age-matched or reading level-matched controls. A, GMV differences. Whole-brain renderings for the GMV comparisons between dyslexics with both age-matched and reading level-matched groups at a height threshold of p < 0.01 uncorrected, and a cluster level threshold of p < 0.01 FWE corrected. Age-matched controls showed greater GMV than dyslexics in left middle temporal gyrus, left anterior cingulate gyrus, right precentral gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, and right anterior superior temporal gyrus. No significant results were found for the dyslexics > controls contrast when matched on age. Reading level-matched controls showed greater GMV than dyslexics in right precentral gyrus. Dyslexics showed greater GMV than the reading level-matched controls in left middle temporal gyrus. See Table 2 for details on all clusters. B, WMV differences. The same whole-brain renderings as in A, but this time for WMV comparisons of dyslexics and the two control groups. Age-matched controls showed greater WMV than dyslexics in left paracentral lobule, left middle frontal and superior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, right WM anterior to the thalamus, and right subgyral temporal WM. No significant results were found for the dyslexics > controls contrast when matched on age. Also, no significant results were found for the controls > dyslexics contrast for the reading level-matched comparison. Dyslexics showed greater WMV than reading level-matched controls in right WM just lateral to the putamen. See Table 3 for details on all clusters.

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    Figure 2.

    Gray and white matter intensities in ROIs. A, Average GMV intensity within ROIs (identified in the whole-brain, age-matched controls > dyslexics GMV comparison). For the dyslexic versus control comparisons in groups matched on age, all ROIs were, as expected, significantly different. However, when comparing the same dyslexics with a younger control group matched on reading level, most areas failed to show a difference. To probe for a possible role for age-related changes in the typical readers, the right chart shows between-group differences in GMV in the younger versus older control group in these same ROIs. B, Average WMV intensity within ROIs (identified in the whole-brain, age-matched controls > dyslexics WMV comparison). As above, all ROIs were significant in the comparisons of dyslexics and controls matched on age, as expected. There were no significant differences in these ROIs when comparing the dyslexics with controls matched on reading level. Again, the right chart gauges differences that exist between younger and older typical readers, this time in WMV. Like above, there was a trend for age-related differences in these regions, with left middle frontal gyrus and superior frontal gyrus being statistically significant. *p < 0.05 Bonferroni corrected for multiple comparisons. #p = 0.05 Bonferroni corrected for multiple comparisons.

Tables

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    Table 1.

    Participant characteristics and group matching

    DyslexicsControl AGEControl READp values: dyslexics versus control AGEp values: dyslexics versus control READ
    N151515
    Age9.8 years (SD, 1.5 years)9.9 years (SD, 2.7 years)7.4 years (SD, 0.9 year)0.83743.49 × 10−5
    Gender6 boys, 9 girls9 boys, 6 girls8 boys, 7 girls0.28930.4814
    Performance IQ: standard score101.3 (SD, 12.3)102.3 (SD, 8.2)109.2 (SD, 14.0)0.79600.1137
    Word identification: standard score77.4 (SD, 7.6)118.2 (SD, 8.3)3.48 × 10−14
    Word identification: reading age7.6 (SD, 0.9)8.1 (SD, 0.5)0.0621
    Passage comprehension: standard score78.3 (SD, 11.0)110.3 (SD, 10.0)3.54 × 10−8
    Passage comprehension: reading age7.3 (SD, 1.0)7.6 (SD, 0.6)0.3400
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    Table 2.

    Peak coordinates and cluster details of GMV differences

    HemisphereTalairach coordinates (X, Y, Z)Cluster sizeZ scoreCluster p valuePeak anatomical location
    Age-matched comparison
        Controls > dyslexics
            Lefta−45, −15, −1212893.794.37 × 10−7Middle temporal gyrus, BA 21
            Left−16, −18, 4010263.177.79 × 10−6Cingulate gyrus, BA 24
            Righta42, −10, 3315455.333.18 × 10−8Precentral gyrus, BA 6
            Right34, 38, 127114.663.49 × 10−4Middle frontal gyrus, BA 10
            Right51, 9, −135183.290.005Superior temporal gyrus, BA 38
        Dyslexics > controls
            No significant results
    Reading level-matched comparison
        Controls > dyslexics
            Right42, −13, 326943.720.001Precentral gyrus, BA 6
        Dyslexics > controls
            Left−63, −53, 16725.040.001Middle temporal gyrus, BA 21
    • ↵aClusters that survive both FWE and nonstationary cluster corrections.

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    Table 3.

    Peak coordinates and cluster details of WMV differences

    HemisphereTalairach coordinates (X, Y, Z)Cluster sizeZ scoreCluster p valuePeak anatomical location
    Age-matched comparison
        Controls > dyslexics
            Left−4, −24, 527844.534.78 × 10−6Paracentral lobule
            Left−39, 43, 1310514.059.94 × 10−8Middle frontal gyrus
            Left−30, −13, 459183.496.53 × 10−7Middle frontal gyrus
            Left−20, 44, 323563.540.007Superior frontal gyrus
            Right48, 26, 2410634.478.42 × 10−8Middle frontal gyrus
            Righta42, −8, 3634654.303.54 × 10−19Precentral gyrus
            Right40, −42, −58783.521.17 × 10−6Subgyral temporal lobe
            Right10, −3, 1710213.381.51 × 10−7Anterior to thalamus
        Dyslexics > controls
            No significant results
    Reading level-matched comparison
        Controls > dyslexics
            No significant results
        Dyslexics > controls
            Right27, −4, −93863.800.004Lateral to putamen
    • ↵aClusters that survive both FWE and nonstationary cluster corrections.

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The Journal of Neuroscience: 34 (3)
Journal of Neuroscience
Vol. 34, Issue 3
15 Jan 2014
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An Investigation into the Origin of Anatomical Differences in Dyslexia
Anthony J. Krafnick, D. Lynn Flowers, Megan M. Luetje, Eileen M. Napoliello, Guinevere F. Eden
Journal of Neuroscience 15 January 2014, 34 (3) 901-908; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2092-13.2013

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An Investigation into the Origin of Anatomical Differences in Dyslexia
Anthony J. Krafnick, D. Lynn Flowers, Megan M. Luetje, Eileen M. Napoliello, Guinevere F. Eden
Journal of Neuroscience 15 January 2014, 34 (3) 901-908; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2092-13.2013
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  • anatomy
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