Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Task design for Noise Estimation fMRI experiment. A standard, created by phase scrambling the comparison image, was overlaid with 10%, 15%, or 20% noise. The standard was followed by the target image overlaid with 15% noise. Following image offset, participants moved a cursor on a scale to indicate noise for the image relative to the standard from “a lot less noise” to “same as standard” to “a lot more noise.”
- Figure 2.
Key pathways emphasized by the BANE model (Markovic et al., 2014). Green dashed lines indicate norepinephrine (NE) pathways. Red lines indicate projections to the locus coeruleus (LC). Thicker lines indicate direct modulation of visual cortex activity in affect-biased attention. Norepinephrine (NE) activity is implicated in both stimulus encoding and selective attention (Sara, 2009). A salient stimulus activates LC neurons, which project widely to cortical and subcortical regions. OFC/VMPFC, Orbitofrontal/ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Reprinted from Behavioral and Brain Research. Copyright (2014), with permission from Elsevier.
- Figure 3.
The influence of ADRA2b on behavioral and neural measures of emotionally enhanced vividness (EEV). a, Difference scores for ratings of inverse noise estimation (NsEst−1) for negative and positive > neutral stimuli in noncarriers and carriers of the ADRA2b deletion variant. Deletion carriers show greater EEV than noncarriers. b, Statistical maps showing parametric modulation by EEV in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) for ADRA2b carriers > noncarriers, and in the lateral occipital complex (LOC) showing modulation by EEV across both groups (n = 37). c, d, Illustration of trial-by-trial modulation of VMPFC (c) and left LOC (LLOC; d) by EEV over the time course of the hemodynamic response for ADRA2b deletion carriers (n = 21) and noncarriers (n = 18). The trial axes are rank ordered (from right to left) from highest (1) to lowest (150) ratings of EEV.
- Figure 4.
a, Parsimonious model predicting emotionally enhanced vividness (EEV) in noncarriers (n = 18) of the ADRA2b polymorphism by left lateral occipital complex (LLOC) activity mediated by the left amygdala (LAM). b, Complex model predicting EEV in deletion carriers (n = 21) of the ADRA2b polymorphism. The dual-route model demonstrates that the left amygdala mediates the effect of LLOC on EEV and simultaneously ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) contributes to EEV. For both models, β-estimates for each path are shown. Significant paths are indicated by solid lines, dashed lines indicate nonsignificance. Bidirectional arrows between left amygdala and VMPFC indicate covariance of these regions, which exhibited a high level of correlated activity (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), and the covariance statistic indicating the relation between the two variables is shown.
Tables
- Table 1.
Distribution of COMT and 5HTTLPR genotypes among ADRA2b deletion carriers and noncarriers
ADRA2b COMT Val COMT No Val 5HTTLPR Short 5HTTLPR Long Total Del 14 7 10 11 21 No Del 13 5 12 6 18 Total 27 12 22 17 39 Del, deletion carriers; No Del, deletion noncarriers.
Brain region BA x y z Voxelsa F z p Left middle occipital gyrus 19 −48 −79 4 81 20.28 5.61 0.001 Right inferior occipital gyrus 19 45 −76 −5 52 19.17 5.49 0.001 Right Fusiform/parahippocampal gyrus 30 30 −40 −8 450 18.55 5.43 0.001 Left middle orbitofrontal/rectal gyrus 11 −12 32 −11 52 17.62 5.32 0.003 Left fusiform gyrus 37 −30 −49 −8 245 15.52 5.04 0.011 ↵aCluster size at p < 0.001 uncorrected. Regions parametrically modulated by emotionally enhanced vividness (EEV) by genotype after controlling for objective salience; x, y, z, coordinates are in MNI space. P values are FWE corrected for multiple comparisons.
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