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Articles, Behavioral/Cognitive

Neurogenetic Variations in Norepinephrine Availability Enhance Perceptual Vividness

Rebecca M. Todd, Mana R. Ehlers, Daniel J. Müller, Amanda Robertson, Daniela J. Palombo, Natalie Freeman, Brian Levine and Adam K. Anderson
Journal of Neuroscience 22 April 2015, 35 (16) 6506-6516; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4489-14.2015
Rebecca M. Todd
1Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada,
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Mana R. Ehlers
1Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada,
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  • ORCID record for Mana R. Ehlers
Daniel J. Müller
2Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada,
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Amanda Robertson
3Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G3, Canada,
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Daniela J. Palombo
3Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G3, Canada,
4Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada, and
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Natalie Freeman
2Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada,
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Brian Levine
3Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G3, Canada,
4Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada, and
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Adam K. Anderson
5Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 1485
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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    Task design for Noise Estimation fMRI experiment. A standard, created by phase scrambling the comparison image, was overlaid with 10%, 15%, or 20% noise. The standard was followed by the target image overlaid with 15% noise. Following image offset, participants moved a cursor on a scale to indicate noise for the image relative to the standard from “a lot less noise” to “same as standard” to “a lot more noise.”

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    Figure 2.

    Key pathways emphasized by the BANE model (Markovic et al., 2014). Green dashed lines indicate norepinephrine (NE) pathways. Red lines indicate projections to the locus coeruleus (LC). Thicker lines indicate direct modulation of visual cortex activity in affect-biased attention. Norepinephrine (NE) activity is implicated in both stimulus encoding and selective attention (Sara, 2009). A salient stimulus activates LC neurons, which project widely to cortical and subcortical regions. OFC/VMPFC, Orbitofrontal/ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Reprinted from Behavioral and Brain Research. Copyright (2014), with permission from Elsevier.

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    Figure 3.

    The influence of ADRA2b on behavioral and neural measures of emotionally enhanced vividness (EEV). a, Difference scores for ratings of inverse noise estimation (NsEst−1) for negative and positive > neutral stimuli in noncarriers and carriers of the ADRA2b deletion variant. Deletion carriers show greater EEV than noncarriers. b, Statistical maps showing parametric modulation by EEV in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) for ADRA2b carriers > noncarriers, and in the lateral occipital complex (LOC) showing modulation by EEV across both groups (n = 37). c, d, Illustration of trial-by-trial modulation of VMPFC (c) and left LOC (LLOC; d) by EEV over the time course of the hemodynamic response for ADRA2b deletion carriers (n = 21) and noncarriers (n = 18). The trial axes are rank ordered (from right to left) from highest (1) to lowest (150) ratings of EEV.

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    Figure 4.

    a, Parsimonious model predicting emotionally enhanced vividness (EEV) in noncarriers (n = 18) of the ADRA2b polymorphism by left lateral occipital complex (LLOC) activity mediated by the left amygdala (LAM). b, Complex model predicting EEV in deletion carriers (n = 21) of the ADRA2b polymorphism. The dual-route model demonstrates that the left amygdala mediates the effect of LLOC on EEV and simultaneously ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) contributes to EEV. For both models, β-estimates for each path are shown. Significant paths are indicated by solid lines, dashed lines indicate nonsignificance. Bidirectional arrows between left amygdala and VMPFC indicate covariance of these regions, which exhibited a high level of correlated activity (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), and the covariance statistic indicating the relation between the two variables is shown.

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    Table 1.

    Distribution of COMT and 5HTTLPR genotypes among ADRA2b deletion carriers and noncarriers

    ADRA2bCOMT ValCOMT No Val5HTTLPR Short5HTTLPR LongTotal
    Del147101121
    No Del13512618
    Total2712221739
    • Del, deletion carriers; No Del, deletion noncarriers.

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    Table 2.

    fMRI omnibus test results

    Brain regionBAxyzVoxelsaFzp
    Left middle occipital gyrus19−48−7948120.285.610.001
    Right inferior occipital gyrus1945−76−55219.175.490.001
    Right Fusiform/parahippocampal gyrus3030−40−845018.555.430.001
    Left middle orbitofrontal/rectal gyrus11−1232−115217.625.320.003
    Left fusiform gyrus37−30−49−824515.525.040.011
    • ↵aCluster size at p < 0.001 uncorrected. Regions parametrically modulated by emotionally enhanced vividness (EEV) by genotype after controlling for objective salience; x, y, z, coordinates are in MNI space. P values are FWE corrected for multiple comparisons.

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The Journal of Neuroscience: 35 (16)
Journal of Neuroscience
Vol. 35, Issue 16
22 Apr 2015
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Neurogenetic Variations in Norepinephrine Availability Enhance Perceptual Vividness
Rebecca M. Todd, Mana R. Ehlers, Daniel J. Müller, Amanda Robertson, Daniela J. Palombo, Natalie Freeman, Brian Levine, Adam K. Anderson
Journal of Neuroscience 22 April 2015, 35 (16) 6506-6516; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4489-14.2015

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Neurogenetic Variations in Norepinephrine Availability Enhance Perceptual Vividness
Rebecca M. Todd, Mana R. Ehlers, Daniel J. Müller, Amanda Robertson, Daniela J. Palombo, Natalie Freeman, Brian Levine, Adam K. Anderson
Journal of Neuroscience 22 April 2015, 35 (16) 6506-6516; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4489-14.2015
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Keywords

  • ADRA2b
  • attention
  • emotion
  • emotionally enhanced vividness
  • fMRI
  • neurogenetics

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