Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
a, Example fundamental frequency (F0, a correlate of pitch) patterns for the four Mandarin lexical tone categories produced by a speaker in the context of syllable /di/: high-level, low-rising, low-dipping, and high-falling. b, Experimental procedure for the speech category learning task.
- Figure 2.
a, Scatterplot of all stimuli from the speech category learning experiment. Two dimensions (F0 height, F0 slope) have been shown to underlie lexical tone perception in previous studies. Scatterplots of the responses, along with the decision boundaries that separate response regions from hypothetical participant, are shown for the striatal pattern classifier (SPC), a reflexive strategy (b); conjunctive (c), unidimensional height (d), and unidimensional slope (e) models (c–e are considered reflective strategies). Black circles denote the high-level tone, blue squares denote the low-rising tone, the cyan lozenges denote the low-dipping tone, and the white triangles denote the high-falling tone.
- Figure 3.
a, Individual performance learning curves. The x-axis denotes a block of 40 learning trials. The y-axis denotes average accuracy within each block per participant. The blue line denotes the average performance across all participants. Different shades of gray colors denote individual differences in performance. b, Average performance across genotype groups: AA (white), AG (brown), and GG (red). c, Strategy use per block as revealed by neurocomputational modeling separately for carriers of each genotype (AA, AG, GG). Colors denote response strategies (SPC: reflexive; CJ: conjunctive; UD-Height: unidimensional height; UD-Slope: unidimensional slope; Random: random responder). Across all genotypes, reflexive strategy use increases with progression of learning blocks. The GG genotype uses the reflexive strategy earlier relative to AA genotype.
Tables
FOXP2 n Age (y) Operational span Music: proficiency Music: years of training AA 101 (59) 25.24 (4.51) 41.38 (15.57) 4.98 (2.34) 8.03 (5.83) AG 72 (36) 25.17 (4.38) 45.31 (15.54) 5.12 (2.05) 9.24 (5.86) GG 31 (16) 24.35 (3.89) 43.77 (17.69) 5.36 (2.57) 7.75 (7.31) p(H0) 0.518 0.604 0.306 0.789 0.518 Demographic and cognitive scores across genotypes. Values in parentheses denote SDs, except for those in n column, which denote the number of female participants. p-values correspond to the null hypotheses that these values are equivalent across all three groups. For n, the p-value is derived from a χ2 test on the number of females and males across genotype groups. For all other variables, p-values are derived from three-way ANOVAs.
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