Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Probabilistic selection task (a, b) and behavioral results (c–f). a, Schematic task sequence, event order, and durations within a trial. Following selection of one of the two stimuli, the choice was visualized by a white frame. This was immediately followed by positive or negative feedback, according to the task schedule. b, Pairs of stimuli associated with different reward probabilities (percentage positive feedback). In the subsequent test phase, new combinations of the stimuli are presented to assess participants' performance on learning more from negative feedbacks or from positive feedbacks. Trials were identical to those from the learning phase, with the exception that no outcome was presented. Results of the behavioral post-test. c, Choosing the better option A and avoiding the worse option B differs between the FTO groups; correct choices during “avoid B” trials are significantly reduced in the FTO+ group, but there is no significant reduction in “choose A” trials. d, Behavior also differs between groups defined by ANKK1 genotype: choose A trials did not significantly differ between A1− and A1+ individuals, whereas correct choices during “avoid B” trials were significantly reduced in A1+ individuals. e, Combined FTO and ANKK1 genotypes do not show statistically significant differences on “choose A” trials, but a trend toward a reduction of correct choices on these trials between FTO−A1− and FTO+A1+ carriers. f, Reduction of correct choices during “avoid B” trials in a gene dosage-dependent manner; choices decreased in the presence of either the FTO+ or A1+ allele, and carriers of the combination of both risk alleles performed significantly worse than noncarriers. Values are mean ± SEM.
- Figure 2.
a, Differences of VTA/SN peak activation in response to positive PEs with regard to the interaction of FTO and ANKK1 gene variants. Values are mean ± SEM. b, Positive PE responses within the VTA/SN VOI (Y = −18), p < 0.05 (FWE-corrected). VTA/SN peak activation to positive PEs correlated with correct choices on (c) “choose A” and (d) “avoid B” trials. Dashed lines indicate the 95% CI for the linear regression (solid line).
- Figure 3.
a, Basic layout of a DCM for investigating modulation of reward-responsive regions by the FTO gene variant and the ANKK1 gene variant. Solid connections indicate connections, which are significantly (p < 0.05) altered by genetic status. Dotted connections do not show a significant genetic effect. b, Average strengths of the connection from VTA/SN to NAcc (left) and from NAcc to mPFC (middle) under both FTO gene variants, as well as from VTA/SN to mPFC (right) relative to groups defined by ANKK1 genotype. Values are mean ± SEM. c, Correlation between connection strength from VTA/SN to NAcc and performance of avoidance learning (percentage correct on “avoid B” trials). Dashed lines indicate the 95% CI for the linear regression (solid line).
Tables
- Table 1.
Descriptive data of participant's matching criteria, gender, age, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Matrice Scale, and BMIa
Genotype No. of subjects Gender Age (yr) WAIS-MS BMI BDI-II Male Female Mean SEM Mean SEM Mean SEM Mean SEM A1−FTO− 20 8 12 25 0.7 12.0 0.5 22.5 0.6 7.0 1.2 A1−FTO+ 21 9 12 27 1.1 11.2 0.4 23.9 0.9 7.6 1.0 A1+FTO− 16 6 10 26 1.0 11.6 0.1 22.4 0.5 10.8 1.4 A1+FTO+ 22 9 13 26 0.9 11.0 0.1 22.5 0.4 8.0 1.2 F(3,74) = 0.78 F(3,74) = 1.79 F(3,74) = 1.29 F(3,74) = 1.73 p = 0.51 p = 0.16 p = 0.29 p = 0.17 ↵aData are mean ± SEM. To preclude an acute depression, participants have been assessed using the Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II).
