Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Increased activity for imagined juice rewards in vmPFC is associated with greater frequency of choosing to wait for larger, later monetary rewards. a, The white circle outlines the 10-mm sphere in vmPFC from which BOLD data were extracted for all analyses described in Results. b, The scatter plot illustrates the relationship between the contrast for imagining versus consuming juice in the vmPFC ROI and the percentage of trials where a participant chose to wait for the larger, later monetary reward. Each black dot represents one participant. The dashed gray line indicates the best linear fit to the data.
- Figure 2.
vmPFC response to imagined juice rewards predicts monetary ITC behavior both between and within individuals. a, The solid black curve indicates the posterior density function (PDF) of the balanced accuracy achieved when using imagined juice responses in vmPFC to determine the relative discounting rates between participants. Light gray shading represents the 95% posterior probability interval (PPI). Dark gray dashed line indicates the mean of the posterior balanced accuracy while the dashed-dotted line depicts chance. b, The solid black curve indicates the PDF of the balanced accuracy achieved when using imagined juice responses in vmPFC to predict choices on each individual trial. Light gray shading represents the 95% PPI. Dark gray dashed line indicates the mean of the posterior balanced accuracy while the dashed-dotted line depicts chance.
Tables
Delay (days) Amounts (US $) 7 25 26 28 30 32 35 10 25 26 27 29 30 32 12 25 26 28 31 33 35 14 25 26 28 32 35 39 21 26 27 29 30 32 38 25 27 29 31 33 35 46 28 26 28 32 35 39 46 30 26 27 29 30 32 38 40 27 33 35 40 47 54 45 26 29 31 35 40 46 50 27 30 35 40 46 54 60 29 33 35 40 47 54 90 26 30 33 40 46 54 95 31 33 35 40 47 54 100 26 31 38 39 46 54 150 31 33 35 40 47 54 180 27 31 35 39 46 54 200 26 28 35 39 47 54 ↵aThis table represents the matrix of exact combinations of monetary amounts (US $) and delays (days) presented to each subject.
- Table 2.
Results of a whole-brain exploratory analysis testing for correlations between the BOLD contrast for imagining greater than consuming juice rewards and temporal discount ratea
Region Cluster sizeb x y z Peak tc Cerebellum/brainstem 148 −12 −33 −27 4.85 Rectal/medial orbitofrontal gyrus 77 0 27 −30 4.29 Lateral orbitofrontal cortex 15 45 42 −18 4.02 Medial frontal gyrus 10 9 54 21 3.59 ↵aThis table reports all clusters containing ≥10 voxels at a voxel-wise significance threshold of p < 0.001. None of the regions listed here were significant after correcting for multiple comparisons at the whole-brain level.
↵bCluster size indicates the number of voxels at an isotropic resolution of 3 mm.
↵ct statistics were computed using 5000 permutations of the data.
- Table 3.
Regions showing significantly different BOLD response between imagination and consumption trialsa
Region Cluster sizeb x y z Peak t Imagine − Consume Parietal lobe/occipital lobe 4926 51 −75 42 6.15 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex 3790 −39 48 9 6.26 Occipital pole 31 −3 −105 −6 3.31 Lateral parietal lobe 3 −51 −72 36 4.23 Consume − Imagine Insula 276 −39 −6 3 7.2 Insula 189 39 −3 3 7.69
