Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Experimental protocol. The experiment was held on 2 consecutive days. A, On the first day, subjects performed an external visual localizer task (red epoch, 9.5 min). On the following day, the subjects performed an imagery localizer task (5.5 min, light gray epoch) for each of the six target ROIs, after which they underwent a real-time fMRI NF run for that ROI (dark gray epoch, 5.5 min). B, The imagery localizer runs consisted of five blocks of imagery (light blue epochs, 40 s), with rest periods in between (black epochs, 20 s). C, The rtfMRI NF runs consisted of five blocks of upregulation of the target ROI (dark blue epochs, 40 s), with rest periods in between (black epochs, 20 s). The subjects performed both the imagery localizer runs and the NF runs with closed and covered eyes, and a brief (<1 s) auditory cue (green epochs, marked by arrows) symbolized the beginning of each epoch. Both the feedback and the cues of the start of each epoch were delivered via headphones. The imagery and NF runs for the different ROIs were counterbalanced between the subjects.
- Figure 2.
Differential neurofeedback modulation along the cortical hierarchy. Activation maps and time courses of the six different ROIs from a representative subject are presented in descending order according to the level of success (GLM β values) in the neurofeedback. The borders of category selective areas, early visual cortex, and DMN, defined by the conventional visual localizer experiment, are depicted in color contours (white, IPL; green, PPA; magenta, EBA; red, FFA; blue, LO; orange, early visual cortex). A red circle indicates the target regions for the NF experiments of this individual. A, Activation during the imagery-strategy localizer. B, Left, Activation during the neurofeedback. Right, time courses during the neurofeedback.
- Figure 3.
ROI and time course analysis during the neurofeedback along the cortical hierarchy. A, Averaged time courses of the NF upregulation block in the six different group-level ROIs, marked by contours on unfolded brain showing the external visual localizer activation (gray, IPL; green, PPA; magenta, EBA; red, FFA; blue, LO; orange, early visual cortex). B, Average success (GLM β values) in the NF upregulation block is shown for the six different ROIs along the cortical hierarchy. Note the correspondence between the level in the cortical hierarchy and the success in upregulation during the NF. Asterisks denote statistical significance: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.005.
Tables
ROI Subject S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 IPL Talairach coordinates (X, Y, Z) (−44, −65, 23) (−46, −54, 21) (−40, −72, 22) (−43, −77, 23) (−47, −68, 24) (−42, −65, 23) (−50, −61, 25) (−37, −67, 20) ROI volume (# of voxels) 6201 7604 7412 6615 9423 6595 8315 5805 PPA Talairach coordinates (X, Y, Z) (−25, −51, −4) (−26, −44, −11) (−23, −40, −10) (−28, −40, −6) (−28, −40, −8) (−21, −48, −8) (−28, −54, −6) (−23, −45, −8) ROI volume (# of voxels) 5068 5089 4833 4824 4725 5102 5489 5971 FFA Talairach coordinates (X, Y, Z) (41, −52, −17) (38, −43, −25) (43, −42, −20) (35, −45, −17) (36, −48, −18) (39, −50, −16) (34, −44, −17) (34, −51, −21) ROI volume (# of voxels) 4855 6191 7011 5427 6182 5177 6933 4905 EBA Talairach coordinates (X, Y, Z) (−43, −71, 4) (−48, −63, −5) (−45, −75, −4) (−42, −76, −10) (−44, −74, 0) (−47, −74, −2) (−43, −77, 9) (−14, −68, −2) ROI volume (# of voxels) 6263 6383 6533 6020 5805 5751 6376 6090 LO Talairach coordinates (X, Y, Z) (−38, −72, −8) (−48, −64, −7) (−39, −83, −6) (−40, −77, −6) (−40, −77, −10) (−46, −71, −11) (−43, −76, 7) (−25, −74, −6) ROI volume (# of voxels) 5724 6210 6583 4553 4311 4800 5218 4419 EV Talairach coordinates (X, Y, Z) (8, −88, −2) (14, −88, −14) (12, −90, −14) (4, −92, −9) (10, −92, −4) (8, −93, −7) (10, −92, −4) (11, −93, −8) ROI volume (# of voxels) 6830 6472 7010 5822 5282 5129 7712 3717 The cutoff significance threshold for all ROIs was p < 0.005. The early visual cortex ROIs were based exclusively on the conventional visual localizer, whereas the other ROIs were defined as the region of overlap between the ROI defined by the conventional visual localizer and the one defined by the imagery-strategy localizer.
