Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Psychophysical pain intensity ratings (±95% confidence intervals). Meditation during saline (meditation + saline) infusion significantly (p < 0.001) reduced pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings compared with rest and the control and saline (control + saline) group. Importantly, naloxone failed to reverse meditation-induced analgesia. Meditation during naloxone administration (meditation + naloxone) significantly (p < 0.001) reduced pain intensity ratings compared with rest, the control + saline group, and the control and naloxone (control + naloxone) groups. There were no significant differences in pain intensity reductions (p = 0.69) between the meditation + saline and the meditation + naloxone groups.
- Figure 2.
Psychophysical pain unpleasantness ratings (±95% confidence intervals). Meditation during saline (meditation + saline) infusion significantly (p < 0.001) reduced pain unpleasantness compared with rest and the control and saline (control + saline) group. Naloxone did not reverse meditation-induced pain relief. Meditation during naloxone administration (meditation + naloxone) significantly (p < 0.001) reduced pain unpleasantness ratings compared with rest, the control + saline group and the control and naloxone (control + naloxone) groups. There were also no significant differences in pain intensity reductions (p = 0.75) between the meditation + saline and the meditation + naloxone groups.
Tables
- Table 1.
Group demographics, weight, baseline pain ratings, and naloxone symptom assessments
Meditation + naloxone Control + naloxone Meditation + saline Control + saline F p- value Age 27.25 (2.07) 26.55 (1.39) 26.6 (1.24) 27.25 (1.46) 0.06 0.98 Weight (kg) 69.10 (2.08) 78.03 (4.15) 74.78 (3.85) 76.43 (3.54) 1.26 0.30 Drug/saline dosage (mg) 12.08 (0.36) 13.65 (0.72) 13.09 (0.68) 13.37 (0.61) 1.28 0.29 Baseline VAS pain intensity 5.34 (0.40) 4.74 (0.49) 4.18 (0.39) 5.60 (0.51) 2.00 0.12 Baseline VAS pain unpleasantness 5.36 (0.41) 4.96 (0.54) 4.59 (0.45) 5.68 (0.52) 0.98 0.40 Naloxone symptom assessment Dry mouth 1.5 (0.33) 0.94 (0.32) 0.95 (0.27) 0.74 (0.31) 1.14 0.34 Dry skin 0.40 (0.18) 0.61 (0.26) 0.30 (0.21) 0.58 (0.26) 0.43 0.74 Blurred vision 0.05 (0.15) 0.11 (0.08) 0.15 (0.15) 0.16 (0.12) 0.22 0.88 Sedation 0.35 (0.15) 0.50 (0.20) 0.40 (0.22) 0.42 (0.26) 0.09 0.97 Nausea 0 0.06 (0.06) 0.06 (0.06) 0.16 (0.12) 0.97 0.41 Dizziness 0.05 (0.05) 0.17 (0.09) 0.05 (0.05) 0.16 (0.16) 0.46 0.71 Headache 0.15 (0.08) 0.06 (0.06) 0.15 (0.08) 0 1.29 0.29 Drowsy 2.11 (0.57) 2.91 (0.59) 2.26 (0.47) 1.65 (0.51) 0.89 0.45 Excited 1.42 (0.40) 2.12 (0.30) 1.11 (0.32) 1.62 (0.42) 1.31 0.26 Feeble 2.59 (0.64) 2.27 (0.44) 1.46 (0.44) 1.25 (0.30) 1.83 0.15 Clear-headed 1.14 (0.44) 2.35 (0.59) 1.14 (0.26) 1.36 (0.47) 0.04 0.99 Clumsy 1.13 (0.43) 2.35 (0.59) 1.14 (0.26) 1.36 (0.47) 1.64 0.19 Energetic 6.05 (0.46) 6.16 (0.55) 6.82 (0.50) 6.57 (0.60) 0.47 0.70 Discontented 1.03 (0.32) 1.97 (0.51) 1.01 (0.38) 1.68 (0.49) 1.25 0.30 Tranquil 8.36 (0.51) 8.09 (0.54) 8.64 (0.25) 7.55 (0.54) 0.98 0.41 Quick-witted 7.48 (0.43) 7.34 (0.45) 7.67 (0.32) 7.30 (0.65) 0.13 0.94 Relaxed 8.60 (0.28) 7.24 (0.49) 8.65 (0.25) 7.51 (0.52) 3.34 0.02 Dreamy 3.86 (0.69) 3.07 (0.47) 2.64 (0.49) 1.86 (0.42) 2.44 0.07 Proficient 8.08 (0.38) 8.06 (0.37) 8.45 (0.27) 8.29 (0.37) 0.28 0.84 Sad 0.82 (0.32) 1.86 (0.37) 1.14 (0.58) 1.02 (0.26) 1.17 0.33 Amicable 9.02 (0.27) 8.24 (0.35) 9.02 (0.22) 9.42 (1.07) 0.68 0.57 Bored 2.37 (0.57) 3.54 (0.58) 1.45 (0.35) 2.43 (0.46) 2.94 0.04 Gregarious 6.49 (0.59) 7.06 (0.35) 7.71 (0.29) 6.83 (0.48) 1.37 0.26 Insecure 1.23 (0.40) 1.58 (0.34) 0.63 (0.19) 1.02 (0.26) 1.76 0.16 Subject ID Group Sex Weight Symptoms BP during baseline BP during naloxone-induced side effects HR during baseline HR during naloxone-induced side effects A Meditation + naloxone Female 60.2 kg Syncope, vomiting 104/64 70/40 94 bpm 74 bpm B Control + naloxone Female 57.4 kg Cloudy vision, excessive perspiration, chest pressure 112/66 69/41 65 bpm 55 bpm C Control + naloxone Female 69.5 kg Lightheadedness 111/68 96/55 55 bpm 85 bpm D Control + naloxone Female 46.7 kg Lightheadedness 116/71 85/59 74 bpm 61 bpm BP, Blood pressure; HR, heart rate; bpm, beats per minute.
