Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Trial structure and experimental conditions. A, Trial structure of a prime-target pair (both OSV word order in this example) followed by a filler trial (SV word order). On Day 2 the target trial sentence would be followed by a matching picture, on Days 3 and 9 participants would have to choose between two pictures showing the same action with the roles reversed. B, Illustration of the different factors and conditions. One of the two possible word order to target structure-type mapping is shown (the other is frequent: OSV; infrequent: VOS; known: SVO; counterbalanced across participants). The frequency manipulation was introduced on Day 2 (see number of trials Day 2). On Days 3 and 9 all target types occurred equally often. C, Two examples of possible prime-target pairs.
- Figure 2.
Behavioral results of the picture choice task displaying percentage correct picture choices per type of structure. Error bars indicate SEM.
- Figure 3.
Results of the main region-of-interest analysis using Marsbar. A, The two regions-of-interest in left inferior frontal and left posterior middle/superior temporal gyrus (defined using the activation maps to the query syntactic on the meta-analysis toolbox neurosynth.org thresholded at Z > 9). B, Mean contrast estimates for the syntactic repetition effects per type of structure in the two regions-of-interest averaged over Days 3 and 9. Error bars indicate SEM. C, Scatter plots showing the relationship between the neural syntactic repetition effects and behavioral performance. The left graph shows the relationship between the syntactic repetition effect to novel structures and the performance on the picture choice task on these structures on the last day of learning. The right graph illustrates the relationship between the syntactic repetition effect to the known syntactic structure and the performance on the picture choice task for this structure on the last day.
- Figure 4.
Repetition effects in the whole-brain analysis. All effects displayed are at a voxel-level threshold p < 0.001, cluster-level pFWE < 0.05. A, Verb repetition enhancement effects averaged over Days 3 and 9 (red). B, Interaction between verb repetition and day, driven by increased repetition enhancement effects over days. For illustration purposes, bar graphs of the verb repetition effects and SEM on the three different days are shown for representative peaks. C, Interaction between verb repetition and syntax repetition averaged over Days 3 and 9. The effect is driven by a larger syntactic repetition enhancement effect if the verb is repeated as well, as illustrated by the bar graph of the effects in a representative peak in left angular gyrus.
Tables
Transitive verbs Transitive verbs Intransitive verbs Alienese English (Dutch) Alienese English (Dutch) Alienese English (Dutch) Basi To dress (aankleden) Agero To shoot (neerschieten) Atoku To dry (afdrogen) Dase To chase (achtervolgen) Epaki To topple s.o. (omtrekken) Mikuro To yawn (gapen) Haki To dry s.o. (afdrogen) Hakaro To pick s.o. up (optillen) Parube To bend over (buigen) Kisu To scare (bangmaken) Hakenu To help getting up (overeindhelpen) Simera To dance (dansen) Momu To serve (bedienen) Hakoba To annoy (pesten) Tokasi To think (denken) Mose To hassle (bedreigen) Hipare To kick (schoppen) Mimu To jump (hinkelen) Nago To greet (begroeten) Imera To hit (slaan) Ote To cry (huilen) Nosoku To pay (betalen) Misabe To tow (slepen) Suki To clap (klappen) Nuga To jostle (duwen) Mukare To stop (stoppen) Ucha To beckon (zwaaien) Oku To photograph (fotograferen) Nagabi To draw (tekenen) Ugo To drink (drinken) Omo To help (helpen) Nurasi To console (troosten) Nouns Ona To interview (interviewen) Odaku To wave goodbye (uitzwaaien) Josa Woman (vrouw) Sawe To hug (knuffelen) Odoka To tie someone (vastbinden) Komi Man (man) Sitagu To massage (masseren) Odosi To attend to s.o. (verzorgen) Sako Boy (jongen) Sosa To tow (meetrekken) Osuta To find (vinden) Miru Girl (meisje) Teso To measure (meten) Sikimo To feed (voeren) Tomi To call after (naroepen) Utape To send away (wegsturen) Tose To make wet (natmaken) Utuso To choke (wurgen) There were eight such lists with different Alienese-to-English meaning mapping.
Anatomical label BA Global and local maxima Cluster size, k Cluster level, pFWE Z x y z Verb repetition enhancement effect (verb repeated > verb not repeated) Right superior temporal gyrus 22 60 −46 18 2474 <0.001 5.68 Right middle temporal gyrus 21 60 −34 −4 4.44 Right supramarginal gyrus 40 54 −44 46 4.08 Right angular gyrus 39/40 38 −56 50 3.67 Right precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex 23 2 −64 26 6056 <0.001 5.51 Left precuneus −6 −52 40 4.99 Left cuneus 19 −14 −80 20 4.84 Right lingual gyrus 17 6 −72 4 4.52 Left lingual gyrus 19 −16 −56 −8 3.98 Right inferior frontal gyrus 45 54 20 14 568 0.005 4.96 Left middle temporal gyrus 21 −56 −44 −4 345 0.031 4.31 Left inferior parietal cortex 40 −54 −40 44 541 0.006 3.74 Left middle temporal gyrus 21/22 −62 −56 22 3.67 Left middle occipital/left angular gyrus 37/39 −42 −68 18 3.15 Verb repetition suppression effects n.s. Verb repetition effect by day (Day 9 greater repetition enhancement than Day 2) Right calcarine gyrus 17 10 −72 8 3711 <0.001 4.64 Left calcarine gyrus 17 −14 −68 6 4.48 Right precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex 23 4 −64 26 4.39 Left cuneus 18 −10 −84 18 3.71 Right superior temporal gyrus/supramarginal gyrus 40/42 56 −42 24 1104 <0.001 4.21 Right middle temporal gyrus 21 54 −32 −2 3.80 Right middle temporal gyrus 21/22 58 −12 −10 3.73 Syntax by verb repetition (greater syntax repetition enhancement if verb repeated) Left middle occipital gyrus 19/39 −42 −76 32 291 0.018 3.89 Left angular gyrus 39 −40 −54 28 3.50 Left angular gyrus 39 −50 −58 36 3.49
