Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Lesion-overlap maps for all subjects. A, Lesion distribution for the whole sample. Warmer areas indicate areas of greater lesion overlap. Accordingly, the color scale ranges from 2 to 26 overlapping subjects. B, Statistical power map for VLSM analyses with 77 patients. The map is thresholded at Z > 4 to view lesion areas with sufficient statistical power to detect an effect of Z ≥ 4.
- Figure 2.
VLSM results for amusia and aphasia. A, MBEA Scale and Rhythm average score (%). B, BDAE-ASRS score. C, Amusic versus NA patients. D, Aphasic versus nonaphasic patients. Amusia is based on MBEA Scale and Rhythm average score (cutoff, 75%) and aphasia is based on BDAE-ASRS (cutoff, <5). N = 77. Neurological convention is used with MNI coordinates at the bottom left of each slice. All statistical maps are thresholded at a FDR-corrected p < 0.05 threshold. INS, Insula; PUT, putamen.
- Figure 3.
Binary lesion analyses with pure amusics and pure aphasics. A–D, Comparisons between A, amusic versus NA patients (all aphasic patients excluded; N = 47); B, aphasic versus nonaphasic patients (all amusic patients excluded; N = 28); C, amusic versus aphasic and amusic patients (N = 49); and D, amusic (no aphasia) versus aphasic (no amusia; N = 40). Amusia is based on MBEA Scale and Rhythm average score (cutoff, 75%) and aphasia is based on BDAE-ASRS (cutoff, <5). Neurological convention is used with MNI coordinates at the bottom left of each slice. All statistical maps are thresholded at a FDR-corrected p < 0.05 threshold. INS, Insula; PUT, putamen.
- Figure 4.
VLSM results for scale and rhythm amusia. A, MBEA Scale score. B, MBEA Rhythm score. C, An overlap image comparing Rhythm (red) and Scale (blue) subtests' parametric results (N = 77). Neurological convention is used with MNI coordinates at the bottom left of each slice. All statistical maps are thresholded at a FDR-corrected p < 0.05 threshold. GP, Globus pallidum; PUT, putamen.
- Figure 5.
VBM results of 47 Helsinki patients. Time (Acute >6 months) × Group (NRAs > NAs) in GMV or WMV interaction. A, GM NRAs (N = 16) versus NAs (N = 18). B, GM (hot) and WM (cold) nonrecovered rhythm amusics (N = 11) versus nonrhythm amusics (N = 18). C, GM nonrecovered pitch amusics (N = 13) versus nonpitch amusics (N = 17). Bar plots for GMV differences in Acute >6 months. Bar, mean; error bar, SEM. The results are reported at an uncorrected p < 0.001 threshold at the voxel level (extent threshold: k > 50 voxels) using MNI coordinates. Clusters for analysis A and B pass a p < 0.05 FWE-corrected threshold at the cluster level.
Tables
VLSM analysis (n = 77) of Helsinki and Turku patients VBM analysis (n = 47) of Helsinki patients Amusic (n = 49) NA (n = 28) p value NRA (n = 16) RA (n = 13) NA (n = 18) p value Demographic Gender (male/female) 26/23 17/11 0.51 (χ2) 6/10 7/6 12/6 0.24 (χ2) Age (years) 59.9 (10.6) 55.8 (10.3) 0.09 (t) 62.2 (7.7) 58.5 (5.4) 56.6 (9.9) 0.13 (F) Education (years) 10.6 (3.7) 13.6 (3.1) <0.001 (t) 9.6 (2.6) 9.8 (4.2) 13.2 (3.1) 0.003 (F) Music background (prestroke) Formal music traininga 0.04 (0.29) 0.11 (0.58) 0.65 (U) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.19 (0.68) 0.19 (K) Instrument playinga 1.10 (1.70) 1.96 (2.25) 0.11 (U) 1.46 (1.86) 1.26 (1.94) 1.30 (1.81) 0.90 (K) Music listening prior to strokeb 4.8 (2.0) 3.8 (1.8) 0.96 (U) 3.3 (1.8) 3.4 (1.4) 3.9 (1.1) 0.61 (K) Clinical Aphasia (no/yes)c 29/20 17/11 0.89 (χ2) 10/6 10/3 11/7 0.61 (χ2) BDAE-ASRS 4.3 (1.1) 4.4 (0.9) 0.51 (U) 4.3 (1.1) 4.5 (1.1) 4.3 (1.1) 0.89 (K) MBEA total score percentage 58.0 (8.6) 84.3 (6.2) <0.001 (t) 57.8 (10.5) 55.2 (8.8) 84.9 (7.1) <0.001 (F) MBEA Rhythm score percentage 58.1 (12.0) 82.0 (8.9) <0.001 (t) 60.3 (13.8) 56.0 (12.3) 84.1 (9.7) <0.001 (F) MBEA Scale score percentage 57.8 (12.3) 86.6 (8.4) <0.001 (t) 55.5 (12.6) 54.4 (8.5) 85.7 (9.2) <0.001 (F) Visual neglect (no/yes)d 26/18 28/0 <0.001 (χ2) 9/7 7/6 18/0 0.004 (χ2) Other cognitive dysfunction (no/yes)e 2/47 4/24 0.11 (χ2) 0/16 1/12 2/16 0.41 (χ2) Hemiparesis (no/yes) 11/38 8/20 0.55 (χ2) 4/12 2/11 4/14 0.81 (χ2) Lesion laterality (left/right) 18/31 16/12 0.08 (χ2) 8/8 3/10 10/8 0.17 (χ2) Lesion volume in cm3 55.8 (43.7) 25.5 (27.8) 0.001 (t) 57.6 (46.4) 49.2 (35.9) 25.3 (31.7) 0.04 (F) Data are mean (SD) unless otherwise stated. χ2, χ2 Test; F, one-way ANOVA; K, Kruskal–Wallis test; t, t test; U, Mann–Whitney U test.
↵aNumbers denote values on a Likert scale: 0, no; 1, <1 year; 2, 1–3 years; 3, 4–6 years; 4, 7–10 years; 5, >10 years of training/playing.
↵bNumbers denote values on a Likert scale: range, 0 (never does) to 5 (does daily).
↵cClassification based on BDAE ASRS: scores 0–4, aphasia; score 5, no aphasia.
↵dClassification based on the Lateralized Inattention Index of the Balloons Test.
↵eOther cognitive dysfunction (attention/executive function or memory deficit).
Anatomical region Scale Rhythm Right caudate 90.02% 94.86% Right HG** 40.58% 90.53% Right insula* 38.56% 59.23% Right pallidum 86.82% 89.81% Right putamen 90.02% 94.86% Right MTG** 1.97% 18.55% Right STG** 11.25% 57.04% Right middle temporal pole 0.70% 1.98% Right superior temporal pole 2.70% 6.33% The lesion patterns associated with poor performance in MBEA Scale and Rhythm subtests were overlaid with anatomical masks created with the WFU PickAtlas to obtain the amount of damaged voxels in different anatomical regions. For visual results, see Figure 4.
↵*p < 0.05, **p < 0.005; comparison (χ2) between the percentages of damaged voxels in Rhythm versus Scale (i.e., if the damaged area within the structure is larger in Rhythm than in Scale).
Anatomical area MNI coordinates Cluster size t value GM NRAs versus NAs Right MTG (BA 21) 54 −33 −3 8443 4.20* Right STG (BA 22) 53 −35 −4 Right inferior temporal gyrus (BA 37) 58 −62 −6 GM and WM nonrecovered rhythm amusics versus nonrhythm amusics Right STG (BA 38) 47 17 −41 15866 4.85* Right middle temporal pole 53 17 −32; 65 0 −9 Right MTG WM 50 −24 −14 3931 4.66* Right IFG WM 49 −8 −26; 49 −17 −18 GM nonrecovered pitch amusics versus nonpitch amusics Right MTG (BA 21) 63 −62 6 790 3.76** Right MTG (BA 19) 61 −69 12; 63 −64 −6
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